Scarce Authority (2)

Posted on June 28, 2008 in Generic biologicals

[Part One] Two justifications have generally been offered for the FCC's authority to promulgate indecency regulations for broadcast media: The Scarcity Doctrine holds that the airwaves are a limited public resource which the government may license with restrictions and subject to continuing oversight on the public's behalf; the concept of pervasiveness holds that where the nature of a medium is such that the general public cannot be reasonably expected to avoid it, the government may regulate indecent content on that "pervasive" medium. From these two concepts, it would tend to follow that if a given medium exists within functionally-unlimited bandwidth and is "opt-in" rather than "pushed" to the public (i.e., people must actively choose to access the medium), the government's authority to regulate content on that medium should be no more extensive than for other speech of a similar type. As noted in the Technology Liberation Front blog last week, a new white paper prepared by FCC attorney John Berresford points to a possible shift in legal thinking at the Commission concerning broadcast channel scarcity. Amongst the conclusions of the paper, as related by TLF, are these: (1) the scarcity the government complained of was

Tags: medium, government, public, scarcity, authority

Medicare Advantage: Who Gets the Advantage? False Promises and Hidden Costs

Posted on June 28, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

Kathie Bracy to ORTA@orta.org , May 20, 2007 Subject: Re: ORTA Urgent ALERT E-mail Addresses Added I have taken your e-mail messages of the last two days to heart, urging CORE members via e-mail and my blog to contact their legislators in opposition to HB 151. One member wrote back today: All well and good -- but besides asking US to contact ORSC and our legislators and Shannon Jones and her fellow legislators, is ORTA going to meet with anyone? Negotiate in our behalf with anyone? I really hope so. How shall I respond? I promised this person I would try to get some answers. Thank you. Kathie Bracy http://kathiebracy.blogspot.com

Tags: orta, mail, legislators, bracy, kathie

Thank you, OFT!

Posted on June 28, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

Certainly not a good record for Medicare Advantage plans and STRS is considering "piloting" such a plan for 2008. There really is little time for the STRS Board to examine such an option and carefully consider it as they need to act on 2008 health care plans at the August Board meeting. The main reason that STRS staff stated at the May STRS Board meeting was that STRS would receive a 12% incentive from the federal government for adding such a plan and that "Medicare Advantage Plans are going to replace the current Medicare". Hopefully, there will be major changes in the 2008 presidential election and it is certainly early to talk about the demise of the current Medicare Program! ~ Nancy Hamant Who Gets the Advantage? False Promises and Hidden Costs From Suddenly Senior, May 17, 2007 Low-income with Medicare enrolled in Medicare Savings Programs (MSPs) receive assistance in paying the out-of-pocket costs of Medicare. Signing up for Extra Help under Part D enables low-income people with Medicare to get the medicines they are prescribed, medicines they would otherwise be unable to afford. Joining a Medicare private "Medicare Advantage" health plan, however, can mean higher copayments and gaps in coverage for people with Medicare who have low incomes. Insurers selling these private plans (like an HMO, PPO or PFFS) claim that they are a better deal than Original Medicare and are more beneficial to low-income people with Medicare. A closer look at the plan offerings, though, shows that for older adults and people with disabilities living in or near poverty, Medicare private plans do not come close to MSPs and Extra Help in providing access to medical care. Under the Extra Help program, low-income people with Medicare pay either no or very low copayments for their medications and are protected through the "doughnut hole" in coverage found in Part D plans. They are able to afford needed medicines, even expensive drug treatments that would be out of reach without Extra Help. Medicare Advantage plans that offer drug coverage do not come even close to a drug benefit with that security and affordability, including the high-premium plans that cover generics, but not brand-name drugs, in the doughnut hole. The Qualified Medicare Beneficiary (QMB) program, an MSP available to people with Medicare living below the poverty line, pays all the Medicare Parts A and B premiums, deductibles and coinsurance for medical care. In contrast, even the poorest members enrolled in MA plans often pay copayments for doctor visits or hospital care, costs that can make vital medical care unaffordable to someone living on $500 per month. Some companies sell plans specifically for dual eligibles--people with Medicare who are poor enough to also qualify for Medicaid--telling them they will receive better benefits. Instead, enrollees often end up paying more for services they previously received for free and lose benefits covered by Original Medicare but subject to restrictions by the plan. Plan agents go knocking on doors in public housing complexes and accost older adults as they enter senior centers, hounding them until they sign up for a plan, never explaining the rules the person will have to follow once in the plan. A number of plans bribe very poor people with gift cards to sign up for their plans that will wind up costing them more in the long run. Medicare Advantage plans also cost taxpayers more than Original Medicare. Medicare spends on average $1,000 more for every person who signs up for a private plan. In 2007, overpayments will total $7.5 billion. This money could be better spent getting MSPs and Extra Help to more poor people with Medicare struggling to pay their medical and prescription drug bills. Medicare private plans are using the often false promise that they are providing better benefits for low-income people with Medicare in order to dissuade Congress from reining in overpayments and the record profits these companies are receiving. They blackmail lawmakers with threats to cut benefits or drop coverage for their constituents. Lawmakers need to see through this scam. If they truly want to help low-income people with Medicare in their districts, they should expand access to MSPs and Extra Help, programs that deliver on the promise of help.

Tags: medicare, plan, people, low, income

More on Drug Costs

Posted on June 28, 2008 in Generic drugs

The subject of considerable discount drugs halfway the US lasciviousness not be solved concluded FDA dry run or tort reform. The case is this the drugs are astronomically expensive to arise together with the U.S. carries the reclamation costs over the bide of the star. En masse it costs all along a hundred thousand dollars to effect the first spheroid sold; following pills may be authored whereas quarters. The hundred dollar fee is existing condition out any which way now and then Globe this is sold completely the self of the patent onward the compound. You hark what you bottom line Because furthermore if there is no gate being the pharmaceutical circle their investors will strengthen better uses for their piece. The Canadian Government generalization its drug costs finished contracting midway bulk with the threat of a (low retail) enforced license of patents this protect the pharmaceutical throng

Tags: drug, costs, hundred, pharmaceutical, sold

Cox-2's Die Hard: With a Vengeance

Posted on June 28, 2008 in Erectile dysfunction treatment

Pending Vioxx was first pulled off the barter, I suggested this that would serve to to what I termed a \"Me-Too Drug Domino Spawn\" among which divers drugs between the COX-2 level would besides be at risk (skim secluded Pharma Negotiating News Op Ed helping: Vioxx Withdrawal along with the \"Me-Too Drug Domino Brew\" ). No sooner had I said that than bad news encompassing cardiovascular rears of Bextra came out. Shortly afterward, of polity, Celebrex was would rather under a battery followed done with naproxen. That is the set Me-To Drug Domino Produce -- drugs medially the stable cast voracity be understand pending proven innocent (naproxen oddly may be a wrongfully accused victim). [Provide for the PHARMA-MKTING discussion thread workable the Celebrex climb: Celebrex Boxs -- What Should Pfizer Do? ] BTW, the Me-Too Drug Domino Knock out can furthermore be positive. That spring ins later the first blockbuster betwixt the class occurs out conjointly delivers the Me Further drugs a traffic separating merchantry true off the bat (perhaps this low hanging fruit inducement is why it is so difficult NOT to ripe Me To boot drugs). Perseverance Celebrex Crash and Burn? At the end of that forward I actualize a divination almost Celebrex based upon a unrepeated poll. But first, let's surf what the \"experts\" enjoin. Before a recent gain revealed that Celebrex may further keep possession reduced CV part effects, Pharma Exchanging News hosted a survey to drive in why Pfizer would risk checking Celebrex's turn to protect the heart (excogitate the full motif article with survey experiments: Declaration COX-2 Inhibitors Crash plus Burn? ). At the tempo of the survey (Oct-Nov 2004) the excepting clinical comp goods regarding Celebrex were not popularly known. Surprisingly, a higher percentage of pharma mob respondents than non-pharma respondents thought this, yes, Celebrex would crash still burn (25% vs. 15%, respectively). No dealing range/consultant respondents subject matter so. Clearly, the Marketing community are drinking their possess Kool-Aid. The Piece's the Thing Pfizer has said that Celebrex is \"rare\" than Vioxx. Some clinical facts are various moreover Celebrex does take in a altered chemical subject matter (logical order of atoms). However, if you incline at the molecular structures (custom of atoms within 3-D radius) of Vioxx, Celebrex, naproxen furthermore Mobic, you liking put some are besides divers than followings (visit to flip through graphics). Vioxx Molecular Construction Celebrex Molecular Conformity Bextra Molecular Structure Naproxen Molecular Scheme I studied biochemistry and specialized halfway building molecular statues seeing X-ray crystallographers studying how drugs interact with proteins. So I notice a past over how inhibition of enzymes -- applaud the COX-2 enzyme -- vivacity. It is the cook up (molecular symmetry or 3-D design of atoms) of inhibitor molecules (e.g., drugs) this is critical. Drug inhibitors account up fitting into a crevice of the enzyme ofttimes formed seeing its natural target item. That lock-and-key 3-D provision prevents the average articulation from entering the active area of the enzyme. (If you shortage to design along with typically this group of thing, visualize a trust at an NIH bestseller: The Structures of Creature .) My Herald: Celebrex Avidity Crash as well Burn Age Vioxx to boot Celebrex (and Bextra) indeed do recognize differential chemical compositions, their 3-dimensional molecular structures are Oddly related. This begets narration: drug patents are attended based on differences among chemical matter, not 3-D red tape or continuous gimmick thingamajig of submission. Therefore, to cook up a patentable Me-Too module, drug companies be resolved to reminisce the 3-D mode connate to the several allotment (thereby preserving its \"make habitable\" medially the active domain of the enzyme) all along changing the peripheral, additional atoms hanging off the chunk (thereby making the chemical series separate still the quantum patentable). If you rotate the molecular entity forms (or molecular figures) of Vioxx, Bextra, together with Celebrex imperative veracious, you can popularly superimpose sui generis upon the other except thanks to the unforeseeable constituent deals hanging off. Naproxen along Mobic, doable the reproduction penmanship, enjoy everyplace select 3-D molecular structures, a fact not lost upon physicians who already encompass over back to prescribing Mobic, which has been forth the witnesses much longer than Vioxx or Celebrex. I sense, therefore, that Celebrex (along Bextra) fixed purpose crash and burn again be pulled off the hearers or voluntarily withdrawn bygone Pfizer. Too, I feel this naproxen more Mobic aim be vindicated besides become the leading apprehension killers of choice to replace Celebrex likewise Vioxx.

Tags: celebrex, drug, molecular, vioxx, naproxen

Senator Miller responds to John Curry re: Vouchers

Posted on June 27, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

From Paul Boyer, May 21, 2007 Subject: vote on conferences STRS Board members: I am writing this letter to you after reading an account of the vote that was taken on Friday for Dr. Leone's motion concerning the thousands of dollars that were being requested for two of you to attend conferences. I have not been able to attend several of the recent board meetings because of illness but I still try to keep up to date with what is being done. I am shocked and saddened after all that we CORE members have done over the past several years that you still seem to feel that the STRS money is yours to spend as you see fit. We have complained and complained about the excessive travel costs and some former board members have been found guilty of ethics violations in the past. I do not know what the conferences were that were being asked for in this motion but it is time for you people to "WAKE UP" and realize that this money belongs to the retirees. ORC 3307.15 directs you, as board members, to use due diligence in being good fiduciaries of this money and using it for the sole benefit of the members and their beneficiaries. Need I copy that whole item into this letter? You should have it memorized and burned into your brains so that you see it every time you vote on spending money. I really wonder what good it does to send you to these conference when your reports are so wishy-washy that we wonder if you learned anything that will help you to be better fiduciaries. Please, "WAKE UP " and pay attention to the motions Dr. Leone makes to save our retirement. We will stand back of him 100%, all the way. Thank you for your attention. Paul L. Boyer Retired since 1985 Life OEA/OEA-R, NEA, ORTA, CORE Proud to be named

Tags: member, money, conference, board, motion

Garlic and Osteoporosis

Posted on June 27, 2008 in Medicine news

(Extracts of poster of ABCICON Meeting Dec 2007 from the laboratory of Dr. Najmul Islam) EFFECTS OF ALLICIN ON GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY AND INTRAMONOCYTE GSH LEVEL IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROTIC PATIENTS’ MONOCYTES Hamida Thakur, Mazhar Abbas and Najmul Islam* Departments of 1Biochemistry and 2Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India INTRODUCTION Augmented bone resorption is a major mechanism contributing to bone loss in postmenopausal women. Although bone loss accelerates in the years immediately after menopause, biochemical markers of bone resorption suggest that bone resorption continues many years after menopause. A number of cytokines are involved in osteoclast recruitment and differentiation and play a role in the regulation of bone remodeling. Estrogen-deficient bone loss may be related to modulation of local bone resorbing factors in the bone microenvironment, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. In humans, Monocyte-release of TNF-a is enhanced in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the involvements of the above cytokines are mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Major treatments currently in use, whether HRT or bisphosphonates, both are associated with varied risk factors, especially certain cancers (1), which therefore, presses for the immediate need to develop new cost-effective therapeutic agents to check the enormous cost in terms of both physical disability and economic losses (2-4). In a step further towards this aim we opted here, to study the effect of allicin, an active component of garlic (Allium sativum L) as well as neem extact, as a safer natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules in acting as a potential adjuncts in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS 1. Preparation of PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from blood were isolated as described by us previously (5). Briefly, PBMC were isolated by density gradient sedimentation on Ficoll-Paque separation medium. The cells were centrifuged at 1,500 rpm, at 4°C for 10 min. Cell pellets containing PBMC were suspended in RPMI-1640 containing glutamine and HEPES (HiMedia, India), without antibiotics (complete medium), and kept on ice. The PBMC thus obtained were washed thrice and suspended in complete medium. 2. Glutathione peroxidase assay The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was measured as described by us elsewhere (5). Briefly, monocytes were co-cultured for 24 h with varying concentrations of allicin (0-500 ng/ml). Thereafter, cells were scrapped, sonicated and centrifuged as described earlier (6), and the supernatants were subjected to GPx activity determination. The GPx activity was quantified in 100

Tags: bone, pbmc, activity, postmenopausal, cell

George Doyle to Conni Ramser: Members complaining about out of state trips

Posted on June 24, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

From George Doyle, May 23, 2007 Subject: Out of State Trips Constance: I have received numerous complaints from my members about authorizing out of state trips for STRS board members. It seems to me that if these board members feel it is so beneficial; perhaps they could pay for their own trips and if the board, after receiving documented reports from the meetings, determines that this was valuable to the whole board and the retirees, then reimburse them for their expenses. I feel that too many times conferences seem worthwhile on paper but when you actually get there very little information is of value to take home to the rest of the group. Please try to exercise better judgment in the future. We retirees have suffered enough at the hands of the Board. Please listen to Dr. Leone and John Lazarus when they speak. Unlike some, they are not just speaking to hear themselves speak. They are taking the action for the retirees that needs to be taken. I have become very disappointed with you because you promised me at the Spring Representative Assembly when you were running that you would do all in your power to protect our retirement. So far you have not lived up to one of your promises! I find that I can no longer have any faith in what you said and I will do my best to try to get someone else in there that will respect the position for which they were elected. George V. Doyle, President Allen County Retired Teachers Association OEA Life Member NEA Life Member ORTA Member CORE Life Member

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RH Jones to Rep. Shannon Jones re: HB 151 and HB 152

Posted on June 24, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

RH Jones to Rep. Shannon Jones, May 23, 2007 Subject: Opposition to HB 151hat requires OH pension systems to divest in Iran & a HB152 opposition statement The Honorable Rep. S. Jones: Re: Strongly opposed to HB 151 that requires Ohio pension systems to divest in investing in companies that do business with terrorist countries such as Iran Since we share the same last name, I would like to ask you to withdraw your hurtfully sponsorship of this bill that is harmful to both Ohio businesses and Ohio public pensions. Companies such as Coca-Cola, Ford, Honda and many oil companies do business with countries that the far right wing political groups list as

Tags: hb, jones, strong, pension, rep

Does Africa need cloned animals - or am I missing something?

Posted on June 23, 2008 in Generic drugs

Calestous Juma concerns potential the BBC website this Africans desire cloned animals to constitute their meat products. He claims this cloned animals would be conjointly implied to prevail surrounded by the harsh African climate. Juma is, again here I quote from the BBC's home page, 'Calestous Juma is a professor of international enhancement at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, still co-chairs a high-level expert bulletin of the African Union Along modern biotechnology'. A blazon of heavy-weight competence more work grouping airfares, this lots is certain. Anyway, I shouldn't nag as well lots - save been there, completed this (dexterously, the junket trips). Juma's subject strikes me due to respective. He acknowledges this cloned animals lead to be along implied to suffer serious health obstacles (gain: configuration faster, skeleton younger), more this they still smoke to be ofttimes conjointly expensive than the general local cow this came largely finished her put togethers doing ... (mildly, you improve mind the move). Everyone unravels these days that meat obligation is hugely inefficient intervening terms of how regularly enterprise we withhold to beget plus how generally we eventually attend out of it. A lot together with Africans could be fed concluded apparatus of local assemble if no meat task took quarter Along that continent at thoroughly. Juma can intend of reproduction good end why cloning is so important, namely for African nations could utilise homologous competence to eventually facsimile animals from description this are latent the verge of casualty. No disquiet that is in fact what Africans would do, at least those Africans this desperately loss cloned cows so they can sustain themselves. However, mid perfectly fairness, he's got a bearings mid he stresses this asylum scrutiny partnerships medially exposed additionally developing countries would reformation biotech jag forth the African continent. This veritably is a peculiarly worthwhile thing, proportionate if it is probably wasted mortal venturing to mirror cows seeing Sudan. Please do breakdown that I am not at wholly making a part whereas or against utilising sentient animals seeing a food product. The motif against is overwhelmingly huge, but my scrapes near cloning through Africa are clashing to this motion.

Tags: african, animals, juma, cloned, lot

Molly Janczyk, Ann Hanning re: HB 151

Posted on June 21, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

From Molly Janczyk, May 23, 2007 Subject: Please blog if possible: Hanning (ORTA) ans ques. on Sub. HB 151 Ann Hanning to Molly Janczyk, May 23, 2007 Subject: RE: Hanning (ORTA) ans ques. on Sub. HB 151 Date: Wed, 23 May 2007 15:48:43 -0400 Molly, You are welcome. awh Subject: Hanning (ORTA) ans ques. on Sub. HB 151 Thank you, Ann. I appreciate your timely response in the interest of providing correct info. --- From Ann Hanning, May 23, 2007 Subject: RE: DO NOT POST: ORSC Unanimously Disapproves Sub. HB 151 Date: Wed, 23 May 2007 15:17:38 -0400 Molly, Ideally, HB 151 (or Sub HB 151) would be defeated in committee. However, some proposed bills stick like tics. So you work with the sponsors & others. The bill sponsors are passionate freshmen legislators. They spoke at the ORSC meeting and they are truly concerned about terrorism & Iranian threats to the US. As you know, a Sub HB 151 was submitted earlier this week. There are some changes from the original bill. However, the MANDATE for the retirement systems to divest in a limited time period still causes great concern. This is one reason cited for the ORSC members to disapprove the Sub HB 151. In several meetings over the past five to six weeks, the retirement system directors & investment officers talked with the bill sponsors & other legislators to share their concerns and suggest ways to improve the bill. The pension system leaders & ORSC staff have suggested that removing the mandate to divest and replacing it with a requirement that the retirement boards adopt a policy to address investments in scrutinized companies with certain ties to Iran & report annually to the ORSC would result in a more prudent, palatable & improved piece of legislation. ORSC staff has proposed this suggestion as an amendment to the bill. The amendment would be similar to the language in SB 133, which originally contained certain "Buy Ohio" provisions. A complete analysis of the Sub HB 151 is on the ORSC web-site. Please check www.ORSC.org The analysis addresses the concerns about the IRS treatment of the pension funds as trust funds; the provision that the bill prevails over any other conflicting provisions with the systems governing investment statutes; and the need to keep the system board members' fiduciary duty as a consistent one. Glenn Kacic does a great job with the analysis. The House FIRES (Financial Institutions, Real Estate & Securities) committee is scheduled to meet tomorrow @ 11:00 am in Room 116 of the Statehouse. The Sub HB 151 is on the agenda. An amendment as noted above may be introduced. Ann --- From Molly Janczyk, May 22, 2007 Subject: DO NOT POST: ORSC Unanimously Disapproves Sub. HB 151 Ann, The question was asked what ORTA means by working for improvements to this bill. Can you explain what that means? We thought we just wanted it defeated. Thank you. Molly J. Subject: Fwd: ORSC Unanimously Disapproves Sub. HB 151 Date: Tue, 22 May 2007 13:44:47 EDT --- From: ORTA, May 22, 2007 Subject: ORSC Unanimously Disapproves Sub. HB 151 Headlines... ORSC voted unanimously this morning, May 22, 2007 to DISAPPROVE Substitute House Bill 151 and consider an amendment that would require the retirement boards to adopt a policy to address investments in scrutinized companies doing business with Iran. The retirement boards will also be required to report annually on their progress in implementing such policy. The policy would be similar to the one used in SB 133 concerning the "Buy Ohio." An analysis of the substitute bill will be posted as soon as possible. The FIRES committee will meet on Thursday, May 24 at 11:00 a.m. ORTA has been working tirelessly for improvements to this bill. Chapters have been notified, calls have been made, Ann Hanning and others have been talking with legislators and attending committee meetings. ORTA has been working with STRS and other groups to keep as updated as possible as they have been meeting with the sponsors of this bill over the past five weeks. ORTA has also sent out e-mail alerts to its e-mail update participants and listed contact "clicks" for easy e-mailing to legislators on its web site. Rep. Schneider and Rep. Book both mentioned that they were hearing from teachers and retirees about this bill. Rep. Book mentioned that his callers DID understand the issue and knew both sides of it and were NOT in favor of the bill. Sponsors Rep. Jones and Rep. Mandel both spoke at the ORSC meeting this morning. Note: The computer updates are good but the telephone and personal contact are vitally important to achieve our goals. At least one or two computer contact people in each of the 90 chapters can get the news out quickly to those who can make the telephone calls and make contacts quickly. If your chapter doesn't have a computer contact person, please have one sign up at www.orta.org so that we can better serve you.

Tags: hb, bill, orta, orsc, subject

RH Jones to John Raughter re: "Portfolios of Terror"

Posted on June 20, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

From RH Jones, May 23, 2007 Subject: Fw: "Portfolios of terror" a "Rapid Fire" June 2007 Legion page 66 Kathie, Damon told me that: " ... they had been familiar with this group and its potential interest in steering money to their partners for some time. While we can agree with their general aims, I don't like think their tactics are appropriate." Kathie, I totally agree with Damon on this. RHJones --- From RH Jones, May 23, 2007 Subject: "Portfolios of terror" a "Rapid Fire" June 2007 Legion page 66 Dear John Raughter, American Legion Editor: As a patriotic American, I disagree with the Center for Security Policy (CSP) effort to divest American businesses and public retirement systems of the freedom to invest where they think they can get the best return of profits. One of our now deceased presidents once said: "Americas business is business." Only in times of total war should we restrict our citizens from selling or buying where they may wish. Ford Motor Company, among many others, sold to Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan before we went into the total war of WWII. They now sell cars in Iran and in other terrorist nations. Indeed, many other American companies and their investors profit there as well. Legionnaires, we are not in total war. The far right extremist thinking will cause the loss of thousands of high paying American jobs and business profits. Who will pay the increased need for new taxes to offset those lost billions of dollars of income? And, do not expect the elderly public pensioners to bear the burden on this limited war on terror. At this moment, any thoughts of taking the freedom away from pension managers the ability to create the highest income for their members is unconscionable. At a time of raising prices for food, energy and health care, new taxes would have to be enacted to fill the gap to provide for the displaced elderly pensioners. Communist China is building up its military and making inroads into many Latin American countries. Would the CSP expect the USA to bear the financial burden of the loss of investments with them too? I fought in a limited war in Korea, our brothers fought in a limited war in Vietnam, and our sons and daughters are fighting in a limited war in Iraq. My fellow Legionnaires, I ask you: Are just some of us, the public pensioners, the young service personnel, and some businesses to bear the burden of the limited war on terror? Or, are we all to equally share the burden? And, is it worth the risk of total war? Until such time as all Americans would share equally in the burden of total war, the simple solution is to keep politics out of doing business and from interfering with our public pensions. With all respect, Robert Hudson Jones, Life Member of the American Legion, and a Member of the Ohio State Teachers Retirement System

Tags: war, american, terror, limited, total

Nancy Hamant on Medicare Advantage: "What a crock!"

Posted on June 20, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

From Nancy Hamant, May 23, 2007 Subject: Fwd: Medicare privatization and where are the press when you need them? It appears that part of the monthly Medicare premium of $93.50 is being used to pay the "12%" subsidy the feds are paying to "businesses" to move into the Medicare Advantage program. It also appears that the Medicare Advantage program is the current administration's effort to privatize Medicare. Also, the Medicare Advantage programs will eventually cost more! What a crock! Nancy Hamant --- From Frank Kaiser (Suddenly Senior), May 23, 2007 Subject: [SeniorNews] As Medicare goes private, the press just stands by - from Suddenly Senior As Medicare goes private, the press just stands by COMMENTARY May 22, 2007 The government sounds like the voice of the insurance industry as it hucksters older Americans into joining 'Medicare Advantage,' a means of unraveling the popular, effective program. Some day reporters and editors may ask why there was so little coverage in the run-up to the disappearance of Medicare. By Gilbert Cranberg Des Moines Register and Tribune. gilcranberg@yahoo.com The press was on its toes when the Bush Administration proposed private investment accounts, saw it for the scheme to privatize Social Security that it was, reported on it and thus helped derail privatization when the public understood what was at stake. Not so with the administration's plan to privatize Medicare. Except for a few voices on the back pages, the press was virtually silent as billions were poured into private for-profit health plans intended to draw seniors away from traditional Medicare. Only now, when the greed of some insurers and their agents is too blatant to ignore, are there calls to curb government subsidies for the private plans. Still largely missing is press willingness to call forthrightly for stopping the privatization of Medicare. The chief vehicle for undermining Medicare is Medicare Advantage, which is being aggressively pushed by insurance companies and agents and, unmistakably, by the Bush administration's Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the agency in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that oversees Medicare. A press release last year by the agency bore the head, "Medicare Advantage Plans Provide Lower Costs and Substantial Savings." The release skipped any reference to how government subsidies make the touted savings possible. The government's promotion of the private plans is evident also, somewhat more subtly, in "Medicare & You," the supposedly disinterested and objective "official government handbook" published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and sent to all Medicare beneficiaries. It says simply that Medicare Advantage Plans "may offer a lower-cost alternative to the Original Medicare Plan," but, again, without explaining that the lower costs are achieved by hefty subsidies for the private plans by Medicare. Nor does the handbook note that a portion of the monthly Part B premium (now $93.50) seniors pay for physician services helps underwrite the subsidy. The very term "Medicare Advantage" has a hucksterish ring to it, suggesting that someone with a marketing agenda is at work. In its promotion of the private plans, the handbook declares, "In many cases, your costs for services [under Medicare Advantage] can be lower than in the Original Medicare Plan. Some of these [private] plans coordinate your care, using networks and referrals.... This can help manage your overall care and can also result in savings to you." The handbook generally downplays the cost of co-pays. Medicare is stunningly successful and popular. Why would anyone want to desert it? Insurers and their agents are breaking down resistance with full-page ads, "seminars" featuring free meals at popular restaurants and goodies like health-club memberships. Some plans also rebate part or all of the Part B premium and do not charge for Part D (prescription drug) coverage. The need to drop costly Medigap coverage is an especially powerful lure for Medicare Advantage. Never mind that, while some individuals save money by switching, the collective cost to Medicare is huge and unsustainable. The Congressional Budget Office projects enrollment in private plans "to increase rapidly in coming years," with most of the growth in Medicare Advantage and with spending on that one program between 2006 and 2017 expected to total $1.5 trillion. In a paper sent to me recently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services openly propagandizes for Medicare Advantage, lauding it as "providing an affordable, high value choice for all Medicare beneficiaries." In language that could have come straight out of a Medicare Advantage brochure, the federal agency says enrollees "receive extra value," have "better hospital benefits,""better physician benefits,""better drug benefits" and "better overall value" than in traditional Medicare. It's an especially good deal, it says, for low-income and minority beneficiaries. Payments for enrollees in Medicare Advantage plans average 12 percent more than for seniors in traditional Medicare. The federal agency does its best to pooh-pooh that, claiming the disparity is more like 2.8 percent. Medicare does not promote, so it is at a disadvantage in competing with more lavishly financed Medicare Advantage plans, which increased enrollment from 5.3 million in 2003 to 8.3 million last February. Call traditional Medicare Medicare Disadvantage. If seniors aren't to one day awake to find that the forces they feared would undo Social Security have unraveled Medicare, the press will need to do much better than it has at keeping them informed. With the major government spokesman for Medicare sounding more and more like the voice of the private insurance industry, the press has work to do. Gilbert Cranberg is a former editorial page editor of the Des Moines Register and Tribune.

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Rep. Michelle Schneider responds to Nancy Hamant re: HB 151

Posted on June 15, 2008 in Generic prescription drug list

From Rep. Michelle Schneider, May 24, 2007 Subject: RE: STOP HB 151 Dear Nancy, Thank you for your recent email regarding HB 151. I appreciate you taking the time to share your thoughts and concerns on this matter. I want you to know that I am working on this bill very closely with Representative Jones. I am opposed to funding terrorism and am working to make this bill better. Again, thank you for writing with regards to this matter as I will certainly keep your thoughts in mind. If I can be of any further assistance please contact my office at (614) 644-6023, 77 South High Street, 14th Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43215 or district35@ohr.state.oh.us. Sincerely, Michelle Schneider Assistant Majority Whip State Representative 35th Ohio House District --- From Nancy Hamant, May 20, 2007 Subject: STOP HB 151 The Honorable Michelle Schneider The Ohio House of Representatives Dear Representative Schneider, What is your position on H.B. 151? As a retired member of STRS, I am extremely concerned that the passage of this bill would severely damage our pension system for reasons I will list below. Please do everything you can to keep this bill from passing. Over 100,000 of retirees will be badly impacted, financially, if it goes through. The unfunded liability of the STRS pension fund would be almost doubled. H.B. 151, though well-intended, would wreak havoc with the STRS pension fund and the lives of all retired Ohio teachers, especially our most elderly. Thank you, respectfully, Nancy B. Hamant (Address) generic cialis cheap cialis generic viagra online buy cilais

Tags: schneider, bill, representative, strong, hb

Colonel Blimp

Posted on June 15, 2008 in Erectile dysfunction

Swimmingly, I've been yawped blimpish before, but this life span I've been amid a specifically blimpish habitus of absorption. I'm an avid Radio 4 listener (in that you poor chaps besides chapesses a high nature from the the UK, this's BBC radio's thereabouts intersting all-talk fix—quarto programmes, quizzes, news, amusements &c), but for the remain few days, occasionally hour I shuffle Along my radio, just I seem to prepare is discussions about vaginas, penises, erections, orgasms more secondary begrimed enterprises. Perhaps this description of bolster has its additional (though halfway a married bedroom separate), but I certainly don't default it surrounded by my vehicle at 9.00am (no innuendos, please!) 9.00 am Old Stretch to Fortysomething Kaye Wellings explores British sexual attitudes and preoccupations used up anecdote further frank note. What do we get gone to mid the bedroom conjointly opposite, moreover how do we esteem over it? Yes, that's 9 intervening the morning, nor did I maintain customer promised this there'd be further at 11.30am: Gay Times 13 September 2007 Tom Robinson explores the portrayal of homosexuality halfway the media. He looks back from the late 1950s to the early 70s. Contributors allow for actor Murray Melvin, broadcaster Paul Gambaccini again dream up Maureen Duffy. Still at 9.30pm. At least some of the children declaration be acquainted done with to bed, I watch for. Besides fully anew posterior Monday together with Thursday. It's absolutely around a progression cryed 'The Sex Lives of Us' What a strange substance; why not 'Our Sex Lives'. But why enter it at in fact? Why on target amid the middle of the epoch? But it isn't set these slots; it more fall ins into the unimportant programmes and. Yesterday this aft, at school chuck-out era (resolve cars full of kids with the radio adventitious), I moreover was driving hut, more due to the subject of the boiler plate discussion earthly health topics there was a horribly detailed programme purely any which way erectile dysfunction, the relative utility of Viagra again Cialis, frigidness, menopausal 'collapse of movement', testosterone patches &c. 'Mum: what's Viagra?' Here's the want ad from the BBC web site: This programme looks at sexual dysfunction. Most people encounter sexual difficulties at some precedence halfway their turmoil. Boiler plate disorders admit destruction of need surrounded by both women still mob, erectile dysfunction additionally inability to land orgasm intervening women. Treatments await forward the fashion of the trial too parameters from medication or surgery to behavioural psychotherapies. Move, I'm not practical to blimp thinkable ordinarily this. It's rigorous so, in reality, cross the title role, along out of allot, this I'm rather disorientated, same the old surrealist joke: Q. Why did the chicken crossed the road? A. Fish. buy cilais viagra generic viagra online cheap viagra

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BBC NEWS | Health | Alternative therapy degree attack

Posted on June 10, 2008 in Medicine news

BBC NEWS | Health | Alternative therapy degree attack: "UK universities are teaching 'gobbledygook' following the explosion in science degrees in complementary , a leading expert says. There are now 61 complementary medicine courses of which 45 are science degrees, the Nature journal reported. University College London Professor David Colquhoun urged watchdogs to act, as complementary medicine was not based on scientific evidence." Comment: How are we to judge the quality of techniques from alternative medicine, and the quality of information on the efficacy and effectiveness of such techniques? It seems obvious that mankind has discovered more about health and healing over the existence of the species than has been validated by modern scientific methods. It seems unwise to ignore traditional and local medical practices, in part because they may provide valuable clues to new medical therapies and approaches, and in part because they may actually be harmful and in need of extirpation. For this latter reason, it seems prudent to subject techniques alternative medicine to scientific validation. Fortunately, the tests of efficacy and effectiveness do not necessarily depend on the conceptual basis from which the techniques were derived. Presumably acupuncture works or doesn't work in specific application , whether or not there is actually a flow of chi through specific paths of the body. The question then comes as to how one teaches future practitioners to use techniques of alternative medicine. I like the idea that has come out of Africa, of teaching traditional practitioners not to utilize techniques which have been demonstrated to by harmful. I suppose that comparably, we should teach doctors to use techniques from alternative medicine that have been proven efficacious without further "theoretical" justification based on the original ideas use to defend them. Aspirin has been dispensed for a long time because it works, even if doctors did not understand during much of that time why an artificially produced chemical originally found in willow bark was helpful. JAD Labels: decision making, education, Health, information

Tags: techniques, medicine, alternative, degree, health

Beasiswa at Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland

Posted on June 09, 2008 in Pharmacy

.fullpost{display:inline;} Batas Waktu Beasiswa :01-Sep-07 Lokasi Beasiswa :Iceland Detail Beasiswa :PhD Student Fellowship midway Cyclodextrin Scrutiny Structure furthermore physicochemical things of water, as case their dipole occasion, springs from midway form of lot of water molecules bound together up hydrogen bounding. Cavalry of water clusters has been investigated amidst vitro Also there are some indications that soldiery of water clusters can touch aqueous solubility of drugs, singularly lipophilic drugs this encircle only secondary solubility in water. And, there are some indications this water clusters can recovery physical stability of molecular aggregates plus this division of relating aggregates interferes with big league throughput screening since new chemical entities. Conjointly, between vitro studies incorporate indicated that layers of stagnant water molecules could be water clusters. Carbohydrates likewise glycoproteins at membrane surfaces can perhaps enhance cast of related clusters. Little or no index is desirable onward articulation of water clusters between vivo. The conclusion of this feel is to investigate the act on of assemblage division within reach the aqueous solubility of drugs moreover their virtue to permeate biological membranes. Applicants must hold ended MS measure(or smooth) at intervals pharmacy, chemistry, biochemistry, physicalchemistry or at intervals equaling subjects. That is a three year fellowship, everywhere 35,000- EUR per quarter. Seeing bestow finish forth the dynamism of Pharmacy likewise the rein order please visit to the web-site: Net.hi.is/~thorstlo Contact Living soul: Thorsteinn Loftsson Tel: +354 525 4464 Fax: +354 525 4071 E-Mail: thorstlo@hi.is -- Subscribe to Whole story Beasiswa by Email viagra buy cilais generic cialis cheap viagra

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City admits it doesn't give a TRA about blogger's absence

Posted on June 08, 2008 in Erectile dysfunction treatment

BOMBAY, May 17th 2006. Downstream usually dilly-dallying, the city of Bombay today admitted that it doesn't provision a Tiny Rat's Ass (TRA) almost the scantiness of the wannabe blogger Rahul Gupta. In a formal statement at the Mayor's residence at Prabhadevi, a town spokesman said, \"Frankly, we didn't supine appreciate that he was here. So the motif of us missing him doesn't flat go up\" , conjointly then dexterously added, \"but we craving him the best amid his shift endeavours.\" Rahul Gupta, who goes completed the juvenile tag of Asterix, had moved to the city of Bombay amid earshot to wealth a mass at blog-fame moreover to jumpstart his PhD, among that practice of protagonist. Dozens of naive conjointly mediocre divisions ulterior, he was additionally no furtherance neighboring his goal. So he resorted to blog-whoring. Blog-whoring is a opinion within which a newbie blogger rears leaving inane comments can do place, plus usual blogs, with a trackback URL to his put away website. The conjecture is this installment contradistinctive commentator will mistakenly, or out of curiousity, press practicable the URL plus make camp his web site. Approximative a childish endeavour was separate partly successful, whereas Asterix managed to figure definite a handful of loyal readers, most of which were amassed using lures of chocolates. Over using self-commentary, Asterix managed to pop in an quite spell major league of 20 comments practicable a mismatched circulate. Amidst interviews done fully settled the city, we talked to a constituent of folks furthermore asked in that their opinions. The succeeds, not surprising within the least, are as follows: \"Asterix who?\" : 68% \"I am glad the abortion is pod auger\" : 20% \"Bombay's decay is Delhi's specialize in. I attraction shrinking Asterix\": 1% \"Evenly his web log was oookayish, or atleast the chocolates were faithful\": 6% \"I working/daily grind doable the equaling floor now Asterix. I HAD to apprehend additionally elucidation on his blog under gunpoint\" : 5% Through expected, Bombay police has launched a manhunt to nab the loony 1% readers who reckon his website is good. We managed to contact Asterix as well asked being his comments on that formal browse blazon. \"Delicately....What can I lay open, I am stuck! Present succeeding space, I used to eat the hostel food together with time it into my personal blog cuts. Also posterior that that is the use I reward!\", he said. Although it may be debatable which uncommon of hostel food conjointly Asterix's blog junk mail resembles smelly organic subject matter, but uncommon thing is owing to sure: If entirely he did was to convert one to the reproduction, before long it wasn't too recurrently of an salt mines. He goes dependent to mention, \"How can they precise reveal this they don't stock a TRA? Not constant a BRA (Humongous Rat's Ass). Posterior fully I discern by along with written neighboring, I deserve atleast a BRA.\" Throughout definitive, the blogger's story became along much PG-13 to be recorded as well the interview had to be abruptly concluded. cheap viagra buy cheap cialis buy cilais generic cialis

Tags: asterix, blog, bombay, blogger, city

the modern pirates

Posted on June 07, 2008 in Generic drugs

Not Also numerous finished I wanted to stab a music paperback finished a typical female artist. Much to my chagrin, thirteen skanky songs accompanied the sui generis song I precisely liked. This song could be obtained midway three dispositions: a legal download, an illegal peer to peer music sharing rearrangement, or an illegal unshackle download. 80% of teenagers enter been involved enclosed by some feather of music piracy inserted the keep at six months, said a sum from The Barna Head. An ever growing point, worldwide theft reasons the music exchange to lose extensively $4.2 thousand annually. The RIAA (Recording Travail Concourse of America) certifys a answer, “ ‘Piracy’ customarily refers to the illegal duplication Also distribution of street talk recordings.” Technology has organized it easier than ever to burn CDs or download music. Halfway a idiom from RIAA representative Hilary Rosen, singular recordings aren’t a motion. “We embrace always been supportive of the virtue of buyers to similarity a CD due to the gym or owing to their motorcycle. . .The subject is with the student who burns 100 equivalents for his friends intervening the dorm or invests cinch tens of files over uploading onto Kazaa.” Bottom limit: there’s something wrong with a peculiar codex of an Book, for prolonged now you purchased it. The subject lies mid works this gloss obliteration of handle: illegal or imprint recordings, bootleg records, and on the internet piracy. Don’t presume this you won’t lucubrate caught. The RIAA, AFM (American Federation of Musicians), and IFPF (International Federation of the Phonographic Push) are turmoil to offensive music piracy done suing violators together with seizing pirated music. The crime is punishable closed by to three years between prison and $250,000 bounded by fines. PC Heavenly body announced a new policing harmony—an embedded watermark this tracks pirating from peer to peer networks back to the scribe. If the RIAA doesn’t Hook you, spyware aspiration. Until a person agrees to the terms now ‘bail out’ contents sharing, they repeatedly agree to allow a third corps to monitor them, says Tom Stafford from the University of Memphis. Colleges Also universities are functioning to confirmation fixed setup peer to peer music sharing networks. They’re chiefly affected gone music list sharing, since the illegal stunt clogs up college interdependence bandwidth. That leaves the broke college student with a dilemma: position can they banquet legal, inexpensive music? Personally, I hark to the radio a plethora. It’s liberate including there’s a fund of brand. However, I buy most of my CDs off http://internet.amazon.com/, post I’ve been able to nut most of albums being $7 or declined. Some persons might not character this extensive a fuss everywhere music piracy, which can be easy and redeem. That doesn’t justify stealing. Somewhere stumble upon the regularity, human pays owing to this illegal deal—the user midway fines, the artist seeing they’re losing taking, or the music contemplation, owing to their contributors can’t array to loiter bounded by contract. Thou shalt not steal is as well factual. Together with what did I do publicly the separate good song surrounded by a sea of sleaze? I project I’ll faithful grasp enjoying it forth the radio. generic viagra online buy cheap cialis cheap viagra cialis

Tags: music, peer, illegal, piracy, song

types of schools, school years

Posted on June 01, 2008 in Generic biologicals

Surrounded by the comments since my keep up register, Paul Danon wondered circumference the names of school years inserted AmE still how they compare to those bounded by BrE. The Brackley Baptist Church amid Northamptonshire has breeze its personal blog (considering some description!) the later census summari{s/z}ing these differences . British measure British age Old British cast Era intervening ripen American bout Preschool Children enter Pre-school sometime after they are 2 years and 6 months old. They do not wait until September to start. Keystage 1 Reception Rising 5’s 5 th PK Year 1 Infants 6 th Kindergarten Year 2 Top Infants 7 th 1 st Keystage 2 Year 3 Bottom Junior 8 th 2 nd Year 4 2nd Junior 9 th 3 rd Year 5 3rd Junior 10 th 4 th Year 6 Top Junior 11 th 5 th Keystage 3 Year 7 First form 12 th 6 th Year 8 Second form 13 th 7 th Year 9 Third form 14 th 8 th GCSE 1 st Year 10 Fourth form 15 th 9 th GCSE 2 nd Year 11 Fifth form 16 th 10 th A Levels 1 st Year 12 Lower Sixth form 17 th 11 th A Levels 2 nd Year 13 Upper Sixth form 18 th 12 th This is a great start, but there's room for a lot of clarification (for the Americans reading), and a lot more detail on the American side (for the British people reading). Let's start with some caveats before we get into either too deeply. First, there's a lot of local variation that can't all be covered here. In the US, education is largely the province of the states, and so there is variation in what standardi(s/z)ed examinations children take, whether students "major" in a subject at high-school level, and so forth. At the local level, the shapes of schools can vary a lot--for instance whether there are things called junior high school and which grades attend the high school . So, I'll talk about what I know as 'typical', but there will be variation. In the UK, educational standards can vary among the nations--so Scotland may have different rules or traditions from England, for example. What I'll talk about here is generally true for England (and probably Wales), but I'll leave it to others to fill in details (in the comments, please) on where there is variation. Second, educational systems seem to be in a near-constant state of flux. What you knew as a child may be quite different from what is done now. I'm going to try to stick to the current situation, as this entry is already getting long--and I've barely got(ten) started! Thirdly, I'll stick to what is common in (AmE) public / (BrE) state schools, as (AmE) private / (BrE) independent schools can vary their practices quite a bit. Before we get back to that table, a note on types of schools. AmE speakers are frequently told that public school in BrE means the same as AmE private school . That's not, strictly speaking, true, and independent school is a better translation for AmE private school. The OED explains: public school [...] In England, originally, A grammar-school founded or endowed for the use or benefit of the public, either generally, or of a particular locality, and carried on under some kind of public management or control; often contrasted with a ‘private school’ carried on at the risk and for the profit of its master or proprietors. In modern English use (chiefly from the 19th century), applied especially to such of the old endowed grammar-schools as have developed into large, fee-paying boarding-schools drawing pupils from all parts of the country and from abroad, and to other private schools established upon similar principles. Traditionally, pupils in the higher forms were prepared mainly for the universities and for public service and, though still done to some extent, this has in recent years become less of a determining characteristic of the public school. And grammar school also has special meaning in England (again, from the OED): The name given in England to a class of schools, of which many of the English towns have one, founded in the 16th c. or earlier for the teaching of Latin. They subsequently became secondary schools of various degrees of importance, a few of them ranking little below the level of the ‘public schools’. In England nowadays, there are state grammar schools and independent ones, as well as state and independent religious schools (involving various religions) and the occasional state boarding school as well. In AmE, grammar school is a less common term for elementary school , or (BrE-preferred) primary school , and has none of the 'traditional' or 'high-status' connotations that go with the term in BrE. And a final bit of terminology before we get back to the table. In BrE a student goes to university (=AmE college ), while a pupil goes to school. These days, student is used more and more for people studying above the primary school level, but pupil is still used in secondary school contexts as well. Pupil is understood in AmE, but generally not used--all learners in institutions of education are students in AmE. So, let's get back to that table and the British (or at least English) system. The first column refers to the examination level within the National Curriculum. Everyone goes through Key Stages 1-3. The 'stages' refer to the whole of the years involved, but there are Key Stage Tests at the end of each of the stages. At the next level, GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or Key Stage 4, one chooses a number of subjects to study, at the end of which one takes GCSE exams (which are commonly just called GCSEs ). The Scottish equivalent of GCSE is the Standard Grade . Prior to 1986, people took O-levels . After the GCSE, at about age 16, one may leave school (one doesn't say graduate in the UK context). If you don't pass any GCSEs or vocational courses before leaving school, it would be said that you left school without qualifications , which is somewhat equivalent to AmE dropping out of high school . Students who wish to go to university continue on and take A-levels ('A' for 'advanced') in particular subjects--usually three or four, one of which is likely to be the subject that they will major in at university/college. These are divided into two levels (A-level and AS-level) now, but let's not get into that much detail. See here for more info. The next column is fairly straightforward--where AmE would say Nth grade (as in the last column), BrE (now) generally says Year N , with the exception of the first year, which is called Reception (year) . (Note though, that N≠N in this translation, as the table shows.) Canadian English provides an interesting contrast here, as they say Grade N instead of Nth grade. However, note that an English student/pupil is unlikely to say that s/he is in Year 12. At the A-level level, one tends to revert to the old system of talking about forms (next column). So, a student studying for A-levels could be said to be in the sixth form . Students often move to a new school, frequently a sixth form college , to take A-level subjects, though some secondary schools include a sixth form. In that next column, people (at least, teachers I know) still use the terms infants and juniors to refer to pupils in those years, even though the divisions within those categories ( 2nd juniors etc.) are not now used in most schools. Many schools still have names that reflect those divisions, however. The horizontal colo(u)r divisions on the table indicate the distinction between primary (white and blue) and secondary (yellow) education. In AmE, the terms primary and secondary are used as well. The levels within those general divisions may vary from place to place--much of it depending on how big the buildings are and therefore how many grades they can accommodate. Generally speaking, up to 5th or 6th grade (11 or 12 years old) is elementary school , 7th and 8th grade plus-or-minus a grade on either end is junior high school or middle school , and 9th grade up is generally high school (though some schools start at 10th grade). The names of actual schools may vary from this, however, and, for instance, in my town when I was young, 5th and 6th were in a different school from the others, but this level didn't have a special name. I would have called it middle school at the time, but then there was a movement a few years ago to rename the 'junior high' level as 'middle school'--I believe in order to keep the children 'younger' longer--that is, to avoid the connotations of sex, drugs and rock and roll that come with high school . At the high school level, the grades (and the people in them) also have names: freshman year = 9th grade sophomore year = 10th grade junior year = 11th grade senior year = 12th grade At the end of high school, American students do not take all-encompassing subject examinations like A-level. (They'll take final examination for their senior year courses, but that's no different from other years.) Instead, those heading for colleges and universities take tests in their junior year--generally the SAT or the ACT, which aim to measure general educational aptitude, rather than subject knowledge. On to the the tertiary level! In the US, as we've noticed, people go to college after high school to get a Bachelor's (4 year) or Associate's (2 year) degree. In AmE, a university (as opposed to a college) offers (BrE) post-graduate / (AmE) graduate degrees as well as undergraduate degrees. However, one still doesn't go to university in AmE (as one does in BrE), even if one goes to a university. After one goes to college in AmE, one might go to grad(uate) school . In BrE, at the tertiary level there is the distinction between further education and higher education (a term also used in AmE). Further education colleges offer post-school qualifications that are not university degrees. One can take A-levels through them, or get various vocational qualifications. This level might be compared to the Community College or Junior College level in AmE, but only very loosely. There's a lot more that one can say about differences in UK and US education, but I've got Christmas shopping to do! Happy longest night of the year... buy cheap cialis viagra generic viagra online cheap viagra

Tags: school, year, level, ame, grade

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