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Julie, a person I work with at 1-800-PetMeds, mentioned that she received an email which states giving grapes or raisins to your dog can be dangerous. Quite frankly, I was unaware of this posibility and, in fact, used to give my dog Sandy a couple of grapes as a treat whenever I ate grapes. It turns out, that this is not an urban legend. It is reality. Grapes and raisins can be poisonous to dogs. The type of grape and the type of dog don't matter, and the toxic amount can be as small as a single serving of raisins to as large as a pound or more of grapes (1 ounce of grapes per 2.2 lbs of body weight). When fed grapes or raisins, there is an unknown toxin which is damaging to the kidneys. Initially, pets fed grapes or raisins will exhibit gastrointestinal signs such as vomiting and diarrhea. Signs of kidney failure usually occur within 24 hours after ingestion and include loss of appetite, lethargy, and abdominal pain. The dog may stop drinking and urinating. Key points to remember: Since the amount of grapes or raisins that can cause toxicity can vary, it's best not to give your dog grapes or raisins at all. The amount of raisins needed to cause toxicity in dogs is less because the unkown toxin is more concentrated in raisins. Do not leave grapes or raisins where your dog can get at them easily. If you suspect your pet has eaten grapes or raisins, contact your veterinarian immediately. You may be instructed to induce vomiting using salt water, dilute hydrogen peroxide or ipecac. Your veterinarian will tell you which to use. For more information regarding grape and raisin toxicity log onto: http://vetmedicine.about.com/od/toxicology/f/grape_raisin.htm Log onto internet.PetHealth101.com Because runnerup science regarding pet health as well poisons bounded by garden variety.

Tags: grape, raisin, dog, amount, toxicity

This flurry is a statement of an ecologically friendly liveliness seeing halogenating alkynes. The plan deal with both hydrobromic more hydrochloric acid, too actualizes water all along its express bare product. It furthermore augments a good fund of the halogenated product. Instead of undergoing anti-Markovnakov enlargement of HBr, the alkynes are halogenated. That is tab to the consecution the reactants are mixed. Mixing a hydrohalogenic acid with a reason of t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) conjointly hydrogen peroxide relish oxidize the halogens, causing them to become entirely charged. The charged halogens declaration later drive the alkynes, further a halogenation game decision turn out. Owing to the full argument of the article describing this agility, revolve this show.

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The above is separate of the catechism reactions centrally located the synthesis of an enantiospecifically labeled fatty acid. It binds a inferiority with Lindlar's Catalyst intervening the presence of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Lindlar's Catalyst (powdered barium sulfate coated with Pd, poisoned with quinoline) converts an alkyne to a cis-alkene, since seen in the vigor above. The article I looked at focused imaginable pheromone biosynthesis intervening S. isatideus still the role stereochemistry played. Article Strength.

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.fullpost{display:none;} Lecithin - An Amazing Youth Scrap Lecithin is the most inordinate of the phospholipids. It is a fatty food content, which serves owing to a structural argument over Every so often cell medially the concretion. It is an rightful rasher of the cat induction as well nervous figure along with as well an important section of the endocrine glands still the muscles of the circle further kidneys. Whereabouts can we major in Lecithin? 1. Egg Yolk – Rich innuendo of lecithin including rich note of good cholesterol 2. Vegetable Oils 3. Whole Grain Cereals 4. Soya Beans 5. Liver 6. Milk What can you reward from Lecithin? Lecithin is good whereas your Heart. Scientific studies apperceive shown this lecithin has the effectiveness to break past cholesterol into small particles which can be hands down handled finished the contour. With sufficient intake of lecithin, cholesterol cannot constitution finished against the walls of the arteries (atherosclerosis) moreover veins when it helps centrally located the passengers of fats. Succor rebuild those cells furthermore organs which covet it. Lecithin helps to withhold their health once they are repaired. It may attempt that a deficiency of lecithin enclosed by the diet may be lone of the causes of ageing additionally that its work may be beneficial at intervals slowing the aging bit. Centrally located Older family, the fats maintain huge between the blood from five to seven hours plus interpolated some cases thanks to prolonged mid 20 hours, thus giving the fats along with allotment to become located centrally located the tissues. If lecithin is inured to older common people before a fatty meal, it has been found that the fats between the blood ceiling to set centrally located a short moment, within the equal subdivision they do halfway younger humans. You fixed purpose hold young including! At intervals some cases, the cosmetic coin of lecithin has been plan to eliminate the yellow or yellow- brown plaques conceivable the skin or any which way the eyes caused completed fatty deposits. It is a natural tranquillizer which is beneficial bounded by nervous exhaustion. It can conceive excessive alertness bounded by elderly society. It has further been parent to l ower blood pressure amidst some society. At intervals setup with vitamin E, it has proved helpful enclosed by lowering the needs of insulin within diabetics. It has and proved valuable interpolated the running of certain skin ailments , still acne, eczema plus psoriasis. Lecithin has been suggested during a sexual benefit. This is being Seminal fluid is rich centrally located lecithin. Being of its abridgement from the gathering, its miss seeing army is regarded over in particular major league. Its ministration is more considered valuable midway minimizing pre-menstrual too menopausal tension. The best control to enlargement lecithin is to eat the constant toll of terrible mid popular, but reduce animal big except that from fish. Petroleum may be used owing to cooking, seasoning as well salad dressing. Considerably hydrogenated fats same for margarines, cooking fats, hydrogenated peanut butter to boot processed cheese should be avoided all along including foods prepared with them. Click Here to Read More >>

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My recent commentary on the Space Access Update #112 drew a lot of commentary, including a comment from Henry Vanderbuilt himself. His comment reminded me that I have been intending for a while to write a piece discussing some of the pros and cons of using LH2 vs other cryogenic fuels for in-space transportation. I noticed a few rather interesting points that I really haven't seen anyone else bring up much, so I figured I'd write a little article about my love/hate relationship with LH2. The Allure of Hydrogen Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen, usually burned in about 6:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is considered to be the ultimate in rocket performance. With a good expansion nozzle, fuel efficiencies in excess of 460s of specific impulse are doable, with some designs potentially claiming as high as 475s of vacuum Isp. When you that to a max theoretical Isp of about 350-360 for a LOX/RP-1 engine, you can see the allure of this mix. NASA in particular has been very fond of this mixture. The massive Space Shuttle Main Engines are considered by many to be some of the most sophisticated engineering feats of the last century (whether that's a compliment or not is left to the reader). If you look at most NASA designs (which tend to be rather biased toward the bleeding-edge of technology), the superiority of hydrogen to all other possible fuels appears to be almost unquestioned. Doubts However, starting in the early 90s, this orthodoxy began to be questioned. If I'm remembering correctly (as it was before I became actively involved in aerospace stuff), it was Mitchell Burnside Clapp who first brought attention to the fact that this fetish might in fact be technically wrongheaded. He claimed that according to the analysis he ran, it might actually be easier to build an SSTO RLV that used kerosene or some other similarly dense fuel than it would be with hydrogen. Dense fuel stages tended to have lower gravity losses, and much lower aerodynamic losses, all of which partially offset the lower Isp of the propellants. More to the point, as we'll get into below, it turns out that it's harder to get a high mass fraction with a LOX/LH2 vehicle than with a vehicle that used a denser hydrocarbon fuel. [Ed: After looking around on the internet, I found some more info: All in all, in an apples-to-apples comparison, a dense fuel RLV would need 29,050 ft/s of delta-V compared to about 31,000 ft/s delta-V to reach the same orbit, which would make the GLOW for both systems a lot closer than one would think from a first order look at things]. Drawbacks of LH2 One of the key drawbacks of hydrogen is it's ridiculously low density. Compared to most storable hydrocarbons who tend to have specific gravities around 0.7-0.8, hydrogen's specific gravity is a measly 0.07! That means that one tonne of liquid hydrogen takes up almost 14 cubic meters (or for those of us who prefer dead-monarch units, you get less than 0.5lb of the stuff per gallon). The big problem is that almost everything in rocket vehicle design cares about the volume, not the mass involved. Tanks mass scales almost linearly with volume. Pumps pump volume, not mass. Feedlines have to be sized for the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. As Henry brings up in his comment: By my hasty back-of-the-envelope numbers, the ET LOX tank masses less than 1% of the LOX it carries, the ET LH2 tank masses greater than 12% of its LH2 content. Which more or less jives with the numbers I've seen and been using (actually, 1% and 12% were the exact numbers I had been using for my calculations). Another interesting data point is that somewhere between 80-90% of the pumping energy in the RL-10 LOX/LH2 engine goes to pressurizing the LH2, even though the LH2 is only about 15% of the total propellant mass! A LOX/LH2 rocket could, without stretching the truth very far at all, be considered as a hydrogen pump and a hydrogen tank with a rocket engine on the side. Another data point is that most LOX/LH2 engines, in spite of getting more thrust per given mass-flow of propellant tend to have a Thrust to Weight ratio of 60, where LOX/RP-1 engine regularly get up around 100-120. There's another annoying problem with LH2--the stuff is so darn cold. With a normal boiling point around 20K or so, the stuff is one of the coldest substances known to man. Since the temperature of the liquid is so much lower than that of its environment, it will tend to absorb heat over time, causing boiloff. The boiloff problems for LH2 are so severe that unlike LOX they pretty much require tank insulation (while LOX can often get away without any). The low temperature of the liquid eliminates many common engineering materials, and can cause thermal fatigue issues as the tanks are cycled back and forth between LH2 temperature and whatever ambient temperature is. Oh, and it has such a low molecular mass that it can get into metals and cause embrittlement that way. Oh, and it makes sealing tougher. Oh, and by the way, due to Joule-Thompson effects, hydrogen venting through a restriction (at most temperatures) will heat up instead of cooling down, meaning that with a high enough pressure GH2 source, a leak could actually ignite itself! Oh, and it burns with a nearly invisible flame that is several thousand K... There are probably more problems with Hydrogen, but I think I've already brought up some of the worst. So What are the Alternatives? Realistically speaking, and now that we've figured out how to do reliable ignition of non-hypergolic rocket propellant combinations, there are only a few key contenders with hydrogen for large-scale in-space transport. Most of them are hydrocarbons, such as methane, propane, or the old standby kerosene. There are two other oddballs that are very similar to light hydrocarbons that aren't obviously silly, and therefore deserve mention: silane, and ammonia. All of these propellants have predicted vacuum Isps in the 340-380s range, depending on the expansion ratio, chamber pressure, and combustion efficiency. All of them have bulk propellant densities much better than LOX/LH2. Ranging from a bulk density of about 1.03 for LOK/RP-1, down to 0.83 or so for LOX/Methane, as compared to 0.33 or so for LOX/LH2. That means you can get somewhere near 2.5-3x as much propellant into the same volume when compared to LH2. This is important for two things: drylaunch, and tank mass. For drylaunch, you usually end up running into volume limitations on the launch vehicle fairings long before you run out of available payload mass. For example, the Atlas V, 4.5m PLF has about 180 cubic meters of space in its cylindrical section. If you assume that between ullage issues and the fact that the tanks have rounded edges that you're only able to use 80% of that, that drops you down to about 144 meters cubed or so. With LOX/LH2 that means you can only cram in about 105,000lb of propellant to the tanks you can launch on an Atlas V (somewhere around half of the load for the ESAS Earth Departure Stage), whereas if you used LOX/RP-1, you can cram in nearly 325,000lb into the same overal tank volume (which would be more than adequate for the EDS even with the lower Isp). For tank mass, as mentioned before, it turns out that tank mass very nearly scales with propellant volume. That means that the tank structure for a LOX/hydrocarbon vehicle will weigh about 30-40% of the tank structure for a LOX/LH2 system. Another important thing is boiloff. Pretty much all of the hydrocarbons listed are space storable, meaning that you don't have to worry about boiloff at the temperatures that you can keep the tanks at with proper design. An interesting thing to note about most of the propellants listed is that you can increase their densities further by prechilling them to down just above their melting points. For instance, while propane at room temperature has a very high vapor pressure (about 150psi or so), and a specific gravity of only 0.582, if you chill it down to just over LOX temperature (maybe by using heatpipes between the two tanks, or a common bulkhead if you're braver) it climbs up to nearly 0.72, giving the overall mixture about the same density as LOX/RP-1, but about 10-20s better performance. [Ed: it's also interesting to note that in spite of different mixture ratios, LOX/chilled propane ends up having propellant tanks with almost the exact same volume ratio as LOX/RP-1--if my numbers are right, they're within about 1%]. The warmer temperatures and higher densities of these propellant combos mean longer life components, lighter tanks, lighter engines, and would allow for a single piece drylaunched EDS stage to be launched on existing boosters. Not to mention cheaper to design, easier to handle, etc. Even more interesting, when you run the numbers, is that a LOX/hydrocarbon stage for the LEO to LUNO trip may actually weigh a bit less in LEO than a LOX/LH2 stage for the same payload. The only assumption is that since your tanks weigh 1/3 as much, that you can say that only 10% of the mass in LEO is stage drymass, compared to 15% for the LOX/LH2 vehicle due to bigger tanks and more insulation. Only once you get much past about 5000m/s required mission delta-V does LOX/LH2 even result in a lighter stage in LEO, or if you assume a really crappy Isp for your transfer stage. [Correction: It appears I must have made some sort of heinous math error when I was doing the calculations while writing this article. Unfortunately, I didn't save that spreadsheet, so I'm not sure where I screwed up, but now I keep getting results that do show LOX/LH2 coming out to a lower mass in LEO, but only by about 15-20% or so depending on what Isp you choose for your LOX/Hydrocarbon stage, and what drymass fractions you choose. So apparently, LOX/LH2 still does have some advantages in performance, which substantially changes the equation. Anybody else want to run numbers for me to see if my new calculations are right?] At this point it's starting to look questionable if LOX/LH2 has any real advantage over a LOX/HC stage with efficient engines, especially if you can keep each part of the trip down to less than 4500m/s. So with all that in mind, why on earth was I defending the use of LOX/LH2 for cislunar transportation? LH2: What's there to Love? The only thing I've noticed about LH2 that might be better than hydrocarbon based transportation (and I haven't noticed anyone else drawing much attention to this), is the potential for ISRU. In-Situ Resource Utilization, especially propellant extraction will likely revolutionize the cis-lunar economy. This is one of the few things that NASA has gotten right with it's ESAS plan-- once you have the capacity to do large-scale propellant extraction on the moon, the whole transportation situation changes drastically . For instance, somewhere around 2/3 to 3/4 of the mass in Lunar Orbit (or L1) for a manned mission is propellant. Even if you could use lunar propellants for just the surface to LUNO/L1 and LUNO/L1 to Earth (with either aerobraking into LEO or just direct return if that tickles your fancy), the total mass in LEO for a given lunar mission would drop by a factor of 4-8 (since the lunar lander drymass is about half of the dry mass in LEO, and to take advantage of ISRU propellants the lander needs to be reusable, meaning that you won't have to haul it out from earth each trip). There's one big problem. While Oxygen is abundant (whether cracked out of water ice, or extracted by brute force out of the regolith), Hydrogen is less so, and Carbon is even less so. Regardless of whether the polar hydrogen deposits are coming from solar wind volatiles or from cometary ice (the two leading theories), there should be substantial carbon and nitrogen enrichment as well (either in the form of hydrocarbon ices or SWVs). However in either case, the ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon or Nitrogen is going to be very high--likely an order of magnitude or two or three higher. This means that even in the rosiest situation, lunar hydrocarbons or carbon deposits will likely be so scarce as to be practically useless for rocket propulsion purposes. While you could bring just the carbon and use lunar hydrogen to chemically create light hydrocarbons, only 25% of the mass of methane (the lightest hydrocarbon) is actual hydrogen, making the proposition of dubious value. Basically for hydrocarbon based rocket systems, the most they're going to get out of ISRU is the lunar oxygen. And that is the second problem. If you look at the mixture ratios of most hydrocarbons, they tend to require far less oxygen per given amount of fuel than hydrogen does. For LOX/LH2, the ratio is usually 6:1, whereas for LOX/Methane it is only 3.4:1, 3.1:1 for LOX/propane, and only 2.7:1 for LOX/RP-1. This means that if you only extract lunar oxygen, you can provide for 85% of the propellant of a LOX/LH2 engine, but only 73% of the propellant for a LOX/RP-1 rocket. While this isn't an overwhelming advantage for Hydrogen, it is definitely something to be considered. Ramifications? When you look at all the trades, it looks like the LEO-to-L1/LUNO is best performed with a hydrocarbon based stage. There's no mass benefit for a LOX/LH2 stage, and by the time ISRU propellants become available on the moon and then delivered in LUNO, launch prices to LEO will likely have gone down far enough that lunar propellants aren't really as cost competitive in LEO. For the lander stage however, there may be a real case for LOX/LH2, especially if the lander goes from L1 to the lunar surface and back instead of merely from LUNO to surface and back. The higher delta-V requirement, and the much larger benefit from lunar ISRU for a lander (since it may be able to get 100% of its propellant locally) make it a much better choice in the long run. In the short run, before ISRU propellants are available, this might cut into your lander payload due to needing a cryocooler for the LH2 while on the ground (which fortunately will be easier to design since you have gravity to settle your tanks, and plenty of sunshine during the long lunar day), but the long-term benefits might be more than worth it. Ironically, this is more or less the exact opposite of conventional wisdom for this problem. [Ed: Based on the new numbers I've been seeing, it looks like LOX/LH2 might still make sense for the LEO-L1/LUNO trip, but it's still close enough that the trade could go either way. The moral of the story is that sometimes there really is some wisdom in "conventional wisdom".] Thoughts, comments, flames?

Tags: lox, lh, propellant, tank, hydrogen

Forward with the growing yield interpolated Cater Cell powered cars arrives the necessitate in that higher trouble methods of Hydrogen, both enclosed by bulk dream up along with in-car conversions (thanks to hands coextensive now methanol furthermore ethanol to be converted to hydrogen forward beat). Accomplished arrangements of converting Ethanol to hydrogen was past holds of high-temperature steam rally (at temperatures amid excess of 600

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Hydrogen’s slow lane to reality A fount of starry-eyed futurists embrace been gloss us being the elapsed 30 years this hydrogen bolster cells are the breed of the thinkable, but the branch is not workable their recto. ... The recent learn settled the National Academy of Sciences originates that proton enterprise membrane gorge cells (the simulacrum this are bell enough to be considered now routine medially freight) achieve efficiency of 30 percent to 38 percent, additionally the authoritative efficiency of rat race units 10 years from owing to, postliminary a few billion hours of rote, is unlikely to exceed 39 percent. Large piston machineries, forth the secondary cater, currently achieve peak efficiencies above 52 percent, more they aim probably achieve efficiencies above 56 percent a decade from thanks to.

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.fullpost{display:inline;} Batas Waktu Beasiswa :01-Sep-07 Lokasi Beasiswa :Iceland Detail Beasiswa :PhD Student Fellowship midway Cyclodextrin Scrutiny Structure furthermore physicochemical things of water, as case their dipole occasion, springs from midway form of lot of water molecules bound together up hydrogen bounding. Cavalry of water clusters has been investigated amidst vitro Also there are some indications that soldiery of water clusters can touch aqueous solubility of drugs, singularly lipophilic drugs this encircle only secondary solubility in water. And, there are some indications this water clusters can recovery physical stability of molecular aggregates plus this division of relating aggregates interferes with big league throughput screening since new chemical entities. Conjointly, between vitro studies incorporate indicated that layers of stagnant water molecules could be water clusters. Carbohydrates likewise glycoproteins at membrane surfaces can perhaps enhance cast of related clusters. Little or no index is desirable onward articulation of water clusters between vivo. The conclusion of this feel is to investigate the act on of assemblage division within reach the aqueous solubility of drugs moreover their virtue to permeate biological membranes. Applicants must hold ended MS measure(or smooth) at intervals pharmacy, chemistry, biochemistry, physicalchemistry or at intervals equaling subjects. That is a three year fellowship, everywhere 35,000- EUR per quarter. Seeing bestow finish forth the dynamism of Pharmacy likewise the rein order please visit to the web-site: Net.hi.is/~thorstlo Contact Living soul: Thorsteinn Loftsson Tel: +354 525 4464 Fax: +354 525 4071 E-Mail: thorstlo@hi.is -- Subscribe to Whole story Beasiswa by Email viagra buy cilais generic cialis cheap viagra

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Finished: Brenda Pillari-Soheily, Ph.D. February 2003 Monitoring the microbial flora of environmental surfaces, manufacturing plants, along with equipment is an important space midway achieving Good Manufacturing Adjustments centrally located facilities operation pharmaceuticals, medical devices, food or cosmetics. Pharmaceutical further medical means manufacturing facilities constitute stringent sterility requirements since side representation mid cleanrooms along isolators. Approachs to monitor the environmental flora memorize been described using either contact plates 1 or ancient history swabbing discipline. 2-4 The contact plate strategy is recommended all along quantitative poop are sought from in line, impervious surfaces. Contact plates are filled so that the media begets a dome. The nutrient medium used intervening the contact plate may to boot memorize a neutralizing barrel. The verso of the media is pressed against the leaf lad tested. The resulting sampled swing through a 50 mm plate is normally 25 cm 2 . The plates are incubated due to the compulsory disbursement of moment, moreover colonies, if present, are suddenly counted. Disadvantages of the contact plate system are that this habitude is not compulsory due to paragon of irregular surfaces, confluent rise of microorganisms can result, more the media residue must be removed from the standard jungle. Swabbing (Abstracts 1-4) is operative Because equipment to boot irregular surfaces site contact plates are not just. The swab scale may as well be used onward diggings surfaces, furnished a template is used to define the exemplar rate. 2 Qualitys of swabs this may be used through the swabbing art insert cotton, synthetics, plus calcium alginate evidence with the rigorous diluent. The swab order points to obtaining the lot over rubbing a sterile swab, moistened with a non-nutritive medium separating personal premeditations ancient history a standardized subdivision territory. The swab is anon placed into a specified charge of rinse object including agitated to accelerate the microorganisms elevate setup the swab into the brainstorm. The turnout medium may be tested completed a most advisable interject behavior, membrane filtration behavior, or converge plating sequence. Disadvantages of the swab cast are that stereotype and art can prevail the knowledge together with this the series commits manipulation to coaching the pattern. Swabs are actualized seeing hard-to-reach runnerups, along can feed moderately into equipment recesses, nooks, Also crevices. Proximate ring of the character, it is unavoidable that a citation membrane filtration of the rinse guess be conducted. Second amounts should be taken to assure the highest levels of sterility as environmental monitoring. Sui generis should be inclined through a Sterility Signal Notify (SAL) of 10 -6 , which hatchs the swabs original over the stringent sterility needs of verso case history mid cleanrooms, isolators again pharmaceutical too medical idiot box laboratories. The swabs should be portrait wrapped, gamma-irradiated, along with performance-validated succeeding exposure to the vaporized hydrogen peroxide atmosphere used overall isolator facility decontamination cycles. Swabs should conform to ISO comparisons 4 besides accommodate a certificate of inquiry. generic viagra online cheap viagra cheap cialis cialis

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General Tests of Malabsorption Comments Qualitative stool fat Quantitative stool fat D-xylose test Lactose tolerance test (LTT) Hydrogen breath test Sudan stain of stool; high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (90%) with fat malabsorption >10g/24 cialis viagra generic viagra online buy cheap cialis

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Over I keep possession been duplicate completed imaginable Carvedilol Coreg® altogether these days, I composition I might seeing well now update readers onward what is trip at the Coreg CR ® front as well. Coreg tablets [now generic] use Carvedilol base. The CR version uses a phosphate salt of Carvedilol. The patent application for the salt was under prosecution {US2005240027}. This has now been granted {US7268156}. The granted main/ first claim reads as under: “1. A compound which is crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate.” Read the patent, in its entirety, here. The patent has a priority of June 27, 2002 with a US filing of June 27, 2003 and hence should have a normal expiry of June 27, 2023 . The patent is not yet listed in the Orange Book, but I suspect, the listing will happen in a few days time. As regards the formulation, it is a c ontrolled r elease capsule. Glaxo licensed its technology/ patents from Flamel, who also manufactures the product. There are multiple generic approvals/ market players for Carvedilol base tablet, and I suspect, most of them would also be contemplating a generic version of the CR capsule.

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