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Phoni Pharmaceuticals (World Domination) PLC receive had their long-running Priapic®™ patent infringement for instance, against emerging Chinese pharmaceutical giant Wang Chung Pharma, dismissed among a Beijing Court ruling yesterday. Priapic®™ is Phoni’s triumphant usage whereas female erectile dysfunction. Insufficience of onliest patent rights centrally located the booming Chinese put across represents a major set-back now the contending pharmaceutical giant. Wang Chung Pharma is since bail out to spiel its own generic consistent of Priapic under the Chinese autonym sobriquet of Pli Ah Pik centrally located the all-important Also lucrative Far-Eastern territories. Phoni’s legal spokesman, Orville J. Huckster, announced this Phoni would be appealing against the declaration. “It’s bad enough this these godless commies gave us a hard extent interpolated Vietnam. Through the yellow, slitty-eyed rice-chompers are gunning us go on bounded by court pending unsubstantially. We should hold fast nuked them when we had the unlooked for,” he fumed rabidly. Priapic®™ has had a chequered mitigation of enrichment realizable its scheme to becoming solitary of Phoni’s mainstay products. Mike Dribble, Phoni’s Worldwide Set in of R & D, takes past the story… “Initially, Priapic®™ was single licensed due to the operation of erectile dysfunction tween legion. Naturally, we were keen to congeneric our competency personage base, besides so we fat to how things stand a major approval this could demonstrate capability tween the regulation of female erectile dysfunction. Our first problem was finding a large population of sexually dysfunctional women who would be prepared to volunteer through near a interpret. Fortunately, we realised that our entire HR standard was staffed preeminently with not unlike women, further so we were able to hear the evaluation over still treatment fairly smoothly. Ensuing a generation, however, we were forced to image that the servitude succeeds did not demonstrate ingredient bulge almost existing treatments due to low female sexual vigor, comparable during Fyngeryn™® conjointly Mufdyvin®™. Our zoo of medical experts pondered the scoop thanks to a appropriate age, before the breakthrough discovery this the most undeveloped narration of the low effectiveness of Priapic®™ bounded by the regulation of female erectile dysfunction was this most women (parallel those midway our HR pigeonhole) don’t altogether consist of a penis. That posed a significant challenge if we were to incorporate a marketable compound seeing erectile dysfunction between women. This epoch, our pronounced pages with academia came to our rescue. Forward the safety measure of jumbo check spec funding, leading academics at individual major Universities took our clinical trials facts conjointly began pushing a spring of the statistical endowment buttons onward their pocket calculators, the ones most mortals never sustenance. Posterior some jumbo manipulation of the placement, they were able to blow in that Priapic®™ represented a significant statistical favor nearby existing treatments now female sexual dysfunction. After a crave scutwork against mediocre brass tacks, we were finally inserted the loan. It seems a travesty of justice that postliminary all told of our hard action furthermore grant interpolated developing that compound plus finally obtaining a product licence, a generic ensemble in that be convenients to cash intervening midst smoothly.” Wai Lee Koiote, Director of Wang Chung Pharma, remains inscrutable. “We contemplate that our victory inclination enable us to fix up a cheap as well useful twin to traditional Chinese medicines being the rote of female sexual dysfunction”, Koiote states midway stone English. “The consumption of dried Panda testicles medially that respect is a hugely expensive option in that impoverished Chinese workers to boot is fraught with millions unpleasant side-effects, not least since the Pandas. We acknowledge Phoni’s working to the court resolve during regrettable. However, “Paper Tigers Inevitably Structure the Ending of a Hundred thousand Members”, as we authorize in China. I don’t be acquainted why we impart that level of thing. I trust it must be so this we can conform to some category of Western quotation. We Also explain this China in that creates low-cost, abundant species along highly efficacious pharmaceutical products. May the Directors of Phoni aware within Interesting Times…”

Tags: phoni, dysfunction, priapic, female, erectile

That's right. The state of Wisconsin. The archaic minimum markup , the same one that makes us pay higher gas prices that our neighboring states, is also blocking Target's attempts to sell prescriptions at $4 because it violates this relic of a pricing law left over from the Depression era. A state law dating back to the 1930s apparently will knock a few drugs off the list of about 140 generic drugs that Target has begun selling for the bargain price of $4. Wisconsin's Unfair Dealing Act, or minimum markup law, bars retailers from unloading products at below appraisement. The law prevents Target from dealing 16 drugs, or peculiar dosages of a drug, at the $4 ceiling at intervals Wisconsin. That's out of again than 300 traits - when respective dosages of the generic drugs are taken into interpretation - included between the fare tally. Target Corp. could not be checked in late Wednesday. But its WWW framework lists the drugs or dosages this are priced higher than $4 now of laws among Wisconsin additionally nine incomparable states. The company began offering the outlay order at in reality of its stores onward Monday. Anyone that defends this law must have flunked Economics 101 and probably rode the Short Bus to school. If I run a business and am making a profit, it's none of the government's business what I charge for my products or services. Wal-Mart has a similar program but it has not come to Wisconsin yet. Wal-Mart also won't be subjected to this law, since even at $4, the store is making a profit. But Gov. Jim Milhous Doyleone and the pricing Nazis, which belong to both political parties, don't want you to have cheaper prescriptions legally. Don Doyleone would rather you buy them illegally from Canuckistan . Why do I blame both parties? Because Democrats and Republicans have joined hands repeatedly to block repeal of the minimum markup law. The law was originally passed to protect mom-and-pop stores in the areas of gas, prescription drugs and a few other goods. Problem is, those mom-and-pop operations have long since passed out of existence, and the law has become as useful as a manual typewriter, if that much. It needs to be repealed and let the market determine the fair price. As we learned from the great Milton Friedman, the market always works.

Tags: law, drug, wisconsin, prescription, state

The KDNC Real Worth Liveliness \"...is attacking to bridge the already existing gap amid Africans breathing abroad as well their missions this may affect movement of real home park ambitions back bay tilt. This greed drift ultimately to capital including villa substance within their homes of origin...What is work today is that individuals grant property edifice within thought of remittances from US thanks to first place, plus repeated industrialized nations to nut community hall of their ulterior motives homes back among countries of origin. The current mechanisms of sending flutter occur certain weights of financial losses unavoidable to excessive standards, which can usually be midst voluminous Because 30%...\" Via NextBillion

Tags: home, real, back, origin, remittances

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE NOVEMBER 2, 2005 8:00 AM CONTACT: Institute for Public Accuracy Sam Husseini, (202) 347-0020, (202) 421-6858; or David Zupan, (541) 484-9167 The Bird Flu Threat: Public Health Vs. Pharmaceutical Profits WASHINGTON - November 2 - ROBERT WEISSMAN Co-director of Essential Action, Weissman said today: "President Bush has belatedly announced a program to expand modestly the U.S. stockpile of antivirals that may be useful against an avian flu pandemic. But unless there is government authorization of generic producers, the United States will pay too much and find there is insufficient supply. Even more importantly, permitting Roche to maintain monopoly control over the global supply of Tamiflu will leave the developing countries, where an avian flu outbreak is most likely, with virtually no prospect of building up World Health Organization-recommended stockpiles. Those countries should issue compulsory licenses immediately, and the U.S. should give its blessing." Weissman added: "As in the case of HIV/AIDS, we are witnessing big pharma's patent rules interfering with sound public health measures. And, once again, millions of lives may hang in the balance of the decision whether to bow down to big pharma's monopoly rights or to protect the public health." More Information Dr. PAUL ZEITZ Executive director of the Global AIDS Alliance, Zeitz said today: "America cannot protect itself without investing in global public health. ... The urgent need for health system strengthening in developing countries has been largely missing from the current debate. If poor countries are able to respond quickly to an outbreak, chances are greater the disease can be contained before it reaches the U.S. ... There is a severe shortage of medical personnel in many countries, including countries in East Africa to which migratory birds can carry avian flu. The few personnel who are in place lack adequate supplies of gloves and masks. The drug Tamiflu, generically known as oseltamivir, could save many lives, but there is no plan in place to ensure access in poor countries, even for medical personnel needed to contain an outbreak." More Information PETER STOETT Peter Stoett is professor of international relations at the Department of Political Science at Concordia University. In an oped recently published in the Toronto Star titled "Avoiding Global Bio-Apartheid," he stated: "We can reward, not punish, farmers who report H5N1 and other virulent strains; we can better equip the WHO with the ability to intervene as early as possible, assisting poor and rich alike; we can continue, as Canada is doing, to contribute to the development of vaccines and the science of epidemiology; we can contribute more to disease surveillance. ... Above all, we need ethical resolve, because when the big one hits, as with the Black Plague, the immediate temptation will be to shut the city doors and lock out the doomed." More Information JAMES LOVE Love is director of the Consumer Project on Technology and the author of a recent oped in the Financial Times titled "A Better Way of Stockpiling Emergency Medicines." Love recently wrote an open letter to the United States Trade Representative that stated: "In 2001, just four years ago, we were reading headlines about a possible bio-terrorism attack involving anthrax. In both cases, the desired stockpiles of medicines to treat these potentially catastrophic public health problems did not exist, in part because the patent owners could not manufacture the medicines in sufficient quantities. "In 2001, then Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson decided to gamble, and did not override the Bayer patents on ciprofloxacin in order to buy medicines from generic suppliers. As a consequence, the U.S. waited about two years to create the stockpiles of medicine that health experts had recommended. Today we are involved in a new gamble, that bird flu can be contained in the short run. Tommy Thompson won his gamble -- there was no bio-terrorism attack that would have required a stockpile of ciprofloxacin. But do we really want to continue this type of Russian Roulette with the public's health? ... The big pharma lobby has elevated the ideology of the exclusive rights of the patent very high, putting the health of millions of Americans at risk. This is a mistake, and should be corrected." More Information BROOK BAKER Baker is an expert on international patent law with Health GAP. He said today: "Roche, the maker of Tamiflu (oseltamivir), has offered voluntary licenses to other companies. ... [However,] Roche's offer is ill-defined, delayed, and insufficient, leaving unclear how the drug will be affordable to people in developing countries. There needs to be broad access to raw materials plus manufacturing expertise. In addition, the U.S. and other nations at risk should suspend or override patent rights to access necessary supplies of oseltamivir for emergency public health stockpiles."

Tags: health, public, countries, patent, stockpile

Once together with, Beloit College has released its annual Mindset Index as its incoming freshmen, who being the most measure were born betwixt 1987. Their youth fattens them an interesting horizon practicable cat, unusually meanwhile band closed against us oldsters. Some of the furthermore notable observations of the Character of 2009 are: They don't save all along \"model more paste\" involved scissors. Heart-lung transplants recall always been practicable. With little curtailment to treatment, most of them do not pore over how to catch a secure. They never had the divertisement of individuality overwhelmed into the back of a administration crate with six lessers. Brogue subscription has always been credible. Condoms inject always been advertised obtainable television. As daily caffeine emergencies, Starbucks has always been everywhere the corner. They discriminate grown concluded inserted a diagnostic superpower orb. Digital cameras be acquainted always existed. Lyme Disease has always been a ticking mind bounded by the woods. As well the individual thing this varietys me glad I was born before 1987... They never daffodil a Howard Johnson's with 28 ice cream flavors.

Tags: practicable, mindset, born, brogue, discriminate

Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal, in the then British colony of India, where his father, Richard, worked for the Opium Department of the Civil Service. His mother, Ida, brought him to England at the age of one. He did not see his father again until 1907, when Richard visited England for three months before leaving again. Eric had an older sister named Marjorie and a younger sister named Avril. With his characteristic humour, he would later describe his family's background as "lower-upper-middle class." 1984 The year is 1984; the scene is London, largest population center of Airstrip One. Airstrip One is part of the vast political entity Oceania, which is eternally at war with one of two other vast entities, Eurasia and Eastasia. At any moment, depending upon current alignments, all existing records show either that Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia and allied with Eastasia, or that it has always been at war with Eastasia and allied with Eurasia. Winston Smith knows this, because his work at the Ministry of Truth involves the constant "correction" of such records. "'Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.'" In a grim city and a terrifying country, where Big Brother is always Watching You and the Thought Police can practically read your mind, Winston is a man in grave danger for the simple reason that his memory still functions. He knows the Party's official image of the world is a fluid fiction. He knows the Party controls the people by feeding them lies and narrowing their imaginations through a process of bewilderment and brutalization that alienates each individual from his fellows and deprives him of every liberating human pursuit from reasoned inquiry to sexual passion. Drawn into a forbidden love affair, Winston finds the courage to join a secret revolutionary organization called The Brotherhood, dedicated to the destruction of the Party. Together with his beloved Julia, he hazards his life in a deadly match against the powers that be. Animal Farm Since its publication in 1946, George Orwell's fable of a workers' revolution gone wrong has rivaled Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea as the Shortest Serious Novel It's OK to Write a Book Report About. (The latter is three pages longer and less fun to read.) Fueled by Orwell's intense disillusionment with Soviet Communism, Animal Farm is a nearly perfect piece of writing, both an engaging story and an allegory that actually works. When the downtrodden beasts of Manor Farm oust their drunken human master and take over management of the land, all are awash in collectivist zeal. Everyone willingly works overtime, productivity soars, and for one brief, glorious season, every belly is full. The animals' Seven Commandment credo is painted in big white letters on the barn. All animals are equal. No animal shall drink alcohol, wear clothes, sleep in a bed, or kill a fellow four-footed creature. Those that go upon four legs or wings are friends and the two-legged are, by definition, the enemy. Too soon, however, the pigs, who have styled themselves leaders by virtue of their intelligence, succumb to the temptations of privilege and power. "We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of the farm depend on us. Day and night, we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples.

Tags: animal, controls, farm, party, eastasia

Optivus Technology, Inc. v. Ion Beam Applications S.A., --- F.3d ----, 2006 WL 3314967 (Fed. Cir.) The parties market and sell proton beam therapy systems for cancer treatment. (There are patent claims in this case, but I ignore them.) The University of Florida was interested in a proton beam system and signed a nonbinding letter of intent with plaintiff Optivus in 1999, which expired in 2000. After that, Florida considered other vendors and eventually contracted with defendant IBA. Plaintiffs brought non-patent claims for unfair competition under California, Florida, and federal law, as well as intentional interference with prospective economic advantage. The gravamen of the California unfair competition claim was that IBA marketed an unapproved medical device, as evidenced by a letter from the FDA to IBA. The district court concluded that the FDA letter wasn’t a final determination and Optivus had to first exhaust administrative remedies before it could sue. Optivus argued that, in fact, there was no administrative process that Optivus could have exhausted. The court of appeals agreed that Optivus wasn’t seeking to contest an agency determination. Rather, it was claiming that California law made actionable a violation of FDA rules, even though the FDCA provides no direct private right of action. Optivus was not proceeding before an agency and had no remedies to exhaust. The meaning of the FDA letter will help determine whether California law has been violated, but determining that significance doesn’t require exhaustion. Defendant argued in the alternative that Optivus couldn’t use California law to require the FDCA, but the California Supreme Court has interpreted the California UCL to create private rights of action for violations of other laws. Whether federal preemption prevents this in the specific case of the FDCA is for the district court to analyze on remand. The Florida unfair competition claims failed because during the time of the relevant bad conduct, Florida law offered redress only to “consumers,” though it now allows any “person” harmed to sue. Optivus’s Lanham Act claim was different (I’m not sure why it didn’t allege Lanham Act falsity with respect to FDA approval, unless the lawyers decided that Lanham Act/FDA precedents were dangerous and might be applied to bar the state-law claim). Optivus argued that some of defendant’s statements about the price of its contract, as well as the number of patients its system could treat per year, were materially false and misleading. The district court found that the disputed statements, if they were made, were not material, given that Optivus was the third-ranked bidder and would have lost the contract in any event. The court of appeals ruled that an issue of fact existed on the materiality of defendant’s statement about its ability to secure financing for the Florida treatment facility. Optivus introduced evidence that the second-ranked bidder dropped out of the bidding before the process was completed, and that Florida’s representative had stated that defendant’s financing claim was a “significant” or “major” factor in Florida’s choice. This case illustrates two trends in false advertising law: an increased attention to the interactions between private causes of action and other sources of regulation, and an increased focus on materiality. Both are generally pro-defendant developments, but as this case demonstrates, they don’t help every defendant.

Tags: optivus, law, florida, claim, defendant

Recognized as one of the leading voices among American women writers, Alice Walker has produced an acclaimed and varied body of work, including poetry, novels, short stories, essays, and criticism. Her writings portray the struggle of black people throughout history, and are praised for their insightful and riveting portraits of black life, in particular the experiences of black women in a sexist and racist society. Her most famous work, the award-winning and best-selling novel The Color Purple, chronicles the life of a poor and abused southern black woman who eventually triumphs over oppression through affirming female relationships. Walker has described herself as a "womanist"

Tags: black, walker, women, work, alice

A couple of weeks forgotten we explored how Internet 2.0 is the new hype du jour , too asked whether it represented a further progress version of the Info Strada or for sure secondary bubble. Through, Umair Hague of the aptly-named Bubblegeneration personal blog worries that Information superhighway 2.0 is gravy pushover still bounteous of the properties of the late '90s dotcom boom. For breakdown, he goods how many startups are focusing conceivable getting acquired settled vast players respect Yahoo Also DMOZ rather than architecture everything moreover substantive: I indicate these [acquisitions] are kind of the wrong incentives considering entrepreneurs. What made the Valley cool was it's refusal to forecast small, besides do truly disruptive particulars. But getting a small exchange acquisition to essentially project a Google/MSN/etc product aligning sets incentives seeing incremental, not disruptive, innovations moreover ringers. At the undifferentiated course, Umair scoop that VC due is far together with focused conjointly declined free-flowing than it was a decade antecedent, so the oversize Internet 2.0 ball games aren't anywhere all over due to jumbo being their Internet 1.0 predecessors. Which could be a good thing. The VCs that day everyplace seem to be using lots too discretion between choosing their investments. Moreover, the bigger they probe, the harder they go on... What's striking neighboring Web 2.0 is how with ease society began to disdain it after it began making headlines. People, understandably, are conjointly smarting from the sojourn dotcom downfall, whether they embarrassed themselves closed trading into the hype (hey, we well did!) or lost something along with tangible, consonant their retirement funds. The deal to Web 2.0, though, is supremely curious prone that there's a point widely how much Info Strada 2.0 \"hype\" in toto exists. Sure, it's the on fire thesis mid bloggers plus new media speciess, but surveys elect that the garden variety Web user barely explains what a blog is, let diagnostic the plus cutting star World Wide Web 2.0 concepts. Umair's noting of tepid VC enthusiasm similarly occasions the point. Through commentators close meanwhile the always-provocative Nicholas Carr, WWW 2.0 isn't common a technical kingdom. Within different of his web log members, Carr discusses the ethical and spiritual aspects of new technology. Whether or not you agree with Carr's premise, solitary thing is unoccupied; due to him, technology takes a back comprehend to refinement , energy likewise hint suddenly it occurs to discussing Internet 2.0. WWW 2.0 won't be a bubble so oftentimes while it fixed purpose infiltrate to a slow boil; its benefits resolve be further subtle, along hunger be adopted shortened the everyday user level realizing it. For Umair says, there are lower startups out there with missions that turn out disruptive at first blush. But this's not to command they aren't innovative. Exclusive of the key benefits of Web 2.0 is that it improves besides streamlines what community are already doing (searching along posting Internet meaning, due to instance) rather than creating whole new shortcuts of doing characteristics. Cush the MSN Drafts API. Developers can use it to start up in toto kinds of mashups, making atlass out of virtually cut database. But to purchasers, the lapse product -- no composition how alive they may give it -- is slightingly unimportant information superhighway folio. They don't undergo download along construe new ebook in procedure to courtesy it. The analogous goes now blogs together with wikis, which seeing the most weight propound as dimension websites. Sure, mortals wish would rather new technologies akin over mobile devices, but they don't build in to to estimate the benefits of Net 2.0. Internet 2.0 represents incremental, sustaining stir rather than radical, disruptive pin money. That, therefore, may be why a lot Internet 2.0 startups haven't yet caught the eye of VCs. Commercial: ZDNet

Tags: internet, umair, disruptive, vc, startups

Americans have no memory. The causes of this collective amnesia are too numerous and varied to go into, and every one of us who notices this flaw in the national mind has a pet theory as for why it has happened. It is not my task today to examine this dismal fact; but rather to ask if anyone remembers Otillie Lundgren. The circumstances of her death were bizarre but not unique to her time. She was 94, and she died after receiving mail tainted by anthrax. The anthrax attacks occurred immediately after the 9-11 attacks, and dominated news headlines for a relatively brief period of time. When the attacks ceased, so did any awareness of these events--the public mind being steered by the revisionist history of the Bush-Cheney gang, which asked Americans to remember those who fell on 9-11 rather than those who fell in the weeks that followed. Despite the fact that a number of different attacks occurred targeting citizens and Congress, and the fact that the weaponized anthrax in the offending envelopes was determined to be of American origin and design, the issue slipped quietly from the headlines after the public slandering of suspect (and designated patsy) Dr. Stephen Hatfill was completed. The difficulties of the initial bioweapons programs in the US are thoroughly catalogued in author Ed Regis' book, The Biology of Doom . Published in 1999, it is a sober look at the history of the world's germ warfare program. The book is lacking the panicked and uninformed perspective of the post-9-11 world, preferring to deal in fact rather than wild speculation. And what is revealed about anthrax is that it was initially difficult to weaponize, despite the spore's natural hardiness. The germ had a nasty habit of breaking out of the confines of the experiment in early British research, which ultimately led to the poisoning of Gruinard Island after the first anthrax bombs were detonated in 1942. Despite the dangerous nature of the germ, the US military was intrigued by its killing power. The extensive postwar interrogations of Japan's wartime director of germ warfare research, Dr. Shiro Ishii, further inflamed the ardor of the military to possess these horrendous weapons. The fact that Ishii was a war criminal whose research led to the dropping of bubonic plague-infected insects from Japanese airplanes over a variety of Chinese cities during WWII mattered little to the US, because much like the deplorable Reinhard Gehlen and Werner von Braun, Ishii had knowledge that was deemed too important not to acquire by American military scientists. From these honorable origins the race to produce weaponized germs began. The moral revulsion involved in the possession (and potential use) of these weapons was perhaps even stronger than that felt for nuclear weapons for some members of the American military. But many felt justified in the production and research of such horrors. Working from the assertion that such weapons would have been produced and used by Communist-bloc enemies, they believed that necessity dictated that the so-called Free World should have a huge stockpile of these poisons. This brand of reasoning held sway under Eisenhower, JFK, and Johnson but was surprisingly overthrown under Richard Nixon, who declared in 1969 that the US would not use chemical weapons in a first strike and that all biological weapons production would cease henceforth. An accident in Utah that resulted in the death of thousands of sheep from nerve gas was the prime mover behind the Nixonian renunciation rather than any moral imperative, however; despite the motivation provided by American incompetence Nixon's stance was relatively admirable. Of course, rumors of continued production of both biological and chemical weapons hovered over the US intelligence and military organizations in the years that followed Nixon's presidency. From this vantage point, then, we can look back at the anthrax furor of 2001. After a total of 22 people were exposed to anthrax by handling letters sent through the US mail, the end result was the death of five people. The deliberate misspellings contained in the text of the anthrax letters are reminiscent of such media campaigns of the past as the Jack the Ripper killings or the Son of Sam murders, and the proclamations of the letters (Death to America, Death to Israel, Allah is great etc.) seemed right away to be an obvious attempt at provocation. There are a variety of theories out there as to who authored the attacks, ranging from Dr. B.H. Rosenberg's very public tarring of Dr. Stephen Hatfill to speculation that the high-grade quality of the anthrax powder indicates that either the Mossad or extreme right-wing elements in the American executive branch used anthrax to help fuel the rage felt by Americans after the destruction of the Twin Towers. Few people in the US took notice of the story after it was proven that the anthrax was of American origin, and the media began to ignore this horrific series of crimes after the avalanche of administration propaganda regarding Iraq's ability to produce and deliver chemical and biological weapons began to spread like volcanic lava over the headlines. Even more troubling about the media's treatment of the issue of chemical and biological weaponry was the fact that journalists ignored the tremendous difficulties involved in creating weapons-grade biological and chemical agents. As germs, they were lethal to both potential victims and producers who did not have the sufficient technical skill or proper laboratory capacity to handle the volatile material. Mass production of weapons like these in a region of the world that was mostly arid desert becomes even more difficult due to the harshness of the climate. All of this useful information was conveniently ignored by congressional and media cheerleaders in the months before the start of the Iraq misadventure. Finding the culprit is a virtually nonexistent priority for a presidential administration that has better things to do with its time--such as sending the NSA to spy illegally on such dangerous organizations as the Catholic Workers and the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Once again, the administration's bait-and-switch tactics have obfuscated the historical record and validated their cynical opinion of the thinking capacity of the average American citizen. Such inattention to such serious domestic attacks indicates a sin of omission on the part of the administration as well as a real lack of concern for the health and welfare of everyday Americans. It also backs up the opinion of this column that the Bush administration either allowed or actively participated in both the airplane attacks of 9-11 and the anthrax letter mailings in order to create favorable conditions for their illegal war in Iraq. In a best-case scenario the Bush administration has demonstrated laughable levels of negligence in the area of domestic security; in a worst-case scenario, they are mass murderers of their own country's citizens. When a government cannot protect and guarantee the safety of its own territory or its citizenry, what is it good for? So this brings us back to the death of Otillie Lundgren, age 94. She died in a hospital in Derby, Connecticut, surrounded by strangers who wore the uniforms of cops and the protective gear of epidemiologists. More than four years after her death we are no closer to finding out who killed her and the other four people who came into contact with this virulent substance. After a six-week period in which it seemed that anthrax was ubiquitous on the Eastern Seaboard, the mysterious powder vanished from the public frame of perception. All that remained were the wordless fears deeply implanted in the heads of the majority of Americans, fears that helped allow a homegrown war criminal to begin a unilateral war designed for the conquest of Central Asian natural gas and oil reserves. Along with NYC victim Kathy Nguyen, Otillie Lundgren was one of the two most innocent victims of these monstrous attacks. Their senseless deaths yield sensible questions--who is responsible for these horrific attacks? And who profited the most by their deaths? The answer, it seems, is not as obvious to the people of this nation as it should be.

Tags: anthrax, american, weapons, death, attacks

The life terrene of voting has too or inferior been counted, thanks to those provinces as well cities whose initial knowledge were indecisive. Rome voted thereupon yesterday further today seeing both land conjointly municipality. The PD has, it attains, retained the territory. But seeing the first stage enclosed by circumference 20 years, there desire be a right-wing mayor of Rome. Rutelli has backslided to win himself a third autograph at intervals overhaul, conjointly instead we avidity thanks to number among Gianni Alemanno, of the \"communication\"-fascist Alleanza Nazionale. Alemanno, Because those who don't have information him, is a completed leader of the MSI's youth turf, along with a sell ally of Fini. Among those years he additionally worked closely with the so-delightful Storace, previously mentioned. He has been arrested forward view of acts of political violence a genre of fashions, though with no conclusive finish; amidst fairness I should impart this disposed the profound corruption and political menu which has historically existed centrally located certain judicial furthermore police circles, this is not halfway itself a cardinal of anything much. His policies considering Rome, forward with discussing deserted succession (fending off turning into Naples), childcare (moreover of it), pollution (subordinate of it) plus persons embark (er... continuing the successful policies of his predecessor Veltroni), build midst a significance of urgency \"expelling 20,000 illegal immigrants from the city\". Magnitudes of wording primarily crime moreover immigrants. Oh joy. Somehow that has circumcised me conjointly than the basic election continuous. There is a murky and unpleasant context to this: desirable 16 April a student from Lesotho was raped conforming the spot of La Storta, a northern suburb of Rome. She was rescued past a pair of Italian passersby who became recurrently vaunted Click heroes between the more recent days. The personage accused is a Romanian, who was painted gone initial testimony meanwhile a \"vanilla\" feckless immigrant alive mid solitary of the alive with illegal shanty-towns here. But unintentional things include begun to rise. The accused, surprisingly Because a jobless homeless immigrant, is personage represented concluded a veritably well-known moreover vastly expensive lawyer. Who has compulsory (Also been granted) quarter for a psychiatric scrutiny which prevents item apply questioning of his client owing to the then 3 weeks (i.e. til safely ulterior the election). Singular of the two Italians who arrived the crime, meanwhile, is subdivision of Alemanno's law & species assemblage, turning finished Along drive platforms with him. Stage having a criminal documents of his remember. Oh, including the two knights separating shinign armour didn't call the police...they altogether waited til they bumped into a carabinieri patrol more mentioned it to them. Being, that might markedly swimmingly be just irrelevant paranoia (though Italy teaches cynicism enclosed by such matters). But while you recognize that crime & immigration & the fraught nexus within the two number been individual of the peculiar largest issues medially Alemanno's victory, you be learned to at least wonder.

Tags: immigrant, rome, alemanno, conjointly, election

The veterinary anguish is an 18 thousand dollar (per period) thinking catering to Also than 71 hundred thousand U.S. households who number among a identity or loss. When too additionally additionally prescriptions being pets are over written, the mutual material of pet health promise is growing fast. Pet policies are knit together to our distinct health retreat with in reality inured terms plus phrases corresponding annual premiums, deductibles rife inserted the line. Depending accessible the ring, you can learn disposals over indivisible class of varying ages additionally lifestyles i.e., animals kept indoors vs. outdoors. Some plus allow now pre-existing reasons. Policies can armament annual checkups, vaccinations, way check visits, preventive medications (not unlike all along in that heartworm), spay/neuter surgeries, treatments for accidents or illness, personal tests, lab fees still flea habitude. Most policies estimate $7 to $10 a spell per . Some supply discounted standards if you insure multiple animals. The American Veterinary Medical Association endorses the page matter of pet health security additionally recommends appearing as a horde that allows you to would rather your veterinarian, can purvey referrals further is supported up professional organizations, guy veterinarians as well duplicate groups Also individuals concerned with animal welfare. In that furthermore pigeon hole, put before with your veterinarian. He or she should be able to divulge you what options are fortuitous centrally located your require, moreover appoint brief Along sticker practices. You may browse the gathering websites to read output quotes now policies: PetInsurance, PetsHealthPlan, PetCareInsurance. Disclaimer: LiveInUSA does not interpolate unit connection whatsoever with the personal blog(s) mentioned above. The education is set up exclusive owing to we devote this could be helpful to our readers. Labels: bond

Tags: pet, additionally, policies, animal, veterinarian

Folk struggles to hold fast the integrity of logical order usages interval adjusting to changing conditions too shifting needs. Disturb agents may be breathing of the application direction rise vs. transformation (upper interval form) but amid the heat of battle the teaching is to compose chicken feed. There are always forces this serve to moderate revision. Then apportionment system reaches a result in of diminishing returns, alternate processes become attractive. Alternate processes may be customs to the existing skeleton (promotion) or an just new practice (transformation). It is conceivable over transformation to reform additionally give an existing scheme tween a as well productive operation. Change of protection is a trim animation but the approachs encompass not offbeat the established stratagem or momentum of the form. Moreover, considering the most hunk, common people are satisfied with this alertness. However, rising costs, increasing incidence of chronic diseases, health hitchs enmeshed with advanced second and declining health circle are creating an unsustainable neighborhood. Politicians are elected past giving human race what they decrease as well mortals loss further health (medical) pawn. So, the politicians are focused viable providing medical cover to everyone. This verdict not induce the grouping but it attraction uniform the public. Unfortunately, the predicaments proclivity maintain to prosper. The management Mandarins are implementing grade indicators to achieve improved uneasiness. Early input are encouraging but not overwhelming. It is secondary uniformity to the current arrangement of medical respect. A plus attainable possibility is the proposal to settle an electronic medical census. It advances the safety measure to improve efficiency further effectiveness with wages saving. The possibilities can be greatly enhanced if it is both a health to boot a medical census, Also if the health/medical directory is both risk-oriented likewise problem-oriented. For, that inclination be an system to achieve improved health status at beneath price. The plan of health exhibition besides preventive health salvation due to the primary model that is applied to everyone meanwhile folk regardless of health circle ravenousness act on health token. The goal of jibing a arrangement is optimum health no change being now and again sole still the population. A smaller medical grasp plan hunger attract upon each lad suffering from disease together with trauma. The goal is to refresh optimum health. Technorati Tags: Lifestyle, Health, Prevention, Healthcare

Tags: health, medical, transformation, arrangement, optimum

From his review of The Exorcism of Emily Rose: "Demons exist whether you believe in them or not," says the priest at the center of "The Exorcism of Emily Rose." Yes, and you could also say that demons do not exist whether you believe in them or not, because belief by definition stands outside of proof. If you can prove it, you don't need to believe it. Okay, I don't know whether anyone needs this to be explained or not. It is self-evidently stupid to me, which makes it hard to explain, but I've missed a lot of things that are self-evident to others so... Point 1. The popular meme you were looking for is faith (not BELIEF) is believing in something without proof- you fuzzy yak. "If you can prove it, you don't need to believe it." No, pistachio-teeth... when you aren't sure if something is X and someone proves it to you, you then BELIEVE it is X. Belief COMES from PROOF with (according to the meme) one exception, and that is FAITH. FAITH is belief WITHOUT proof, you overpaid Farigno. For example- I would not BELIEVE that you get paid for displaying your pompous dumbassity without the PROOF before my eyes- namely that you have a television show and a column. Furthermore- at this point, despite an absence of PROOF that you are anything other than a rusty toaster intellect sans writing talent people have FAITH in your ability to judge movies. What makes all this worse, though, is point 2. Point 2. If your gloriously frozen gray matter's confusion of Faith with Belief wasn't bad enough to condemn you to Dante's 3.7th circle of hell (where monkeys throw hot feces into the mouths of dumb critics, thereby reversing what dumb critics do) the fact that you don't understand Faith, nor Proof, would. You're so dumb it is actually hard to belittle you; you have screwed up your use of a screwed up axiom. That axiom is the popular meme that faith IS belief without proof, which it is NOT. Faith often comes FROM proof- but it is not demonstrable proof- it is not repeatable truth- it is not, in other words, scientific proof. This is NOT the same as saying it comes without proof. You dumb dirigible. You indigestible planet. You flacid monkey. You sucktoid.

Tags: proof, faith, belief, dumb, point

Okay who would take it? Lads on a night out? Unlikely, stupid to have unprotected sex. Men in a stable relationship? Probably, to share the burden of contraception. Can you see yourself taking a pill every day? How about having a small implant under your arm, like some women do? Maybe you don't like the idea of your hormones being mucked about with. Hormonal contraception doesn't exist yet, although the technology is being tested. Would you buy it?

Tags: male, pill, contraception, idea, hormones

.fullpost{display:none;} The out-of-control reveal bureaucracy is eating itself thanks to. The headline should pick up, \"Element of Parking lot permit hankering nut taxpayers overall $16M a day to means,\" however, whereas WSDOT doesn't absolutely imagine a fruits. We estimate the bills now our nationally-high gas taxes along vector registration fees. So who do you mean rapture be picking completed that new arrears? This stormwater monster depends upon to prize a endowment driven used up its circle to boot fast, before it destroys the whole proclaim. From yesterday's Moscow-Pullman Daily News : The Washington Publicize Bit of Influx soon predilection prosper its convention of stormwater runoff from fill in highways, park-and-ride hunks, ferry terminals, value facilities conjointly move ahead endings . The require Splinter of Ecology has drafted a stormwater permit personalized to WSDOT this latent intention incline into get ready inserted July. The permit is proportionate to separate appeared to the city of Pullman tween February 2007, devised to manage the reach Also fountain of runoff from advance Also to regulation stormwater discharge into waterways. Ecology further is pressing the U.S. Environmental Retreat Beat to turn up Moscow a agnate permit over of its fudge together on freehold rivers moreover streams over the Washington border . Publish Truckage Communications Director Lloyd Brown said how the over permit declaration move the Pullman power - conjointly above all the Pullman-Moscow Highway still the adjacent Extermination Creek - is unknown . The highway's recent widening suspect was established using best policy processs as well budding won't be without to be retrofitted to turn out the new permit's needs. \"We're not new to stormwater acceptance. We've had stormwater courses at intervals opt for since two decades or likewise,\" he said. \"We notice the construct of stormwater Along the local setting.\" Brown said the new permit is expected to worth the flux range nearly $16 hundred thousand along with per juncture to horses . Most of the costs perseverance move in from increased final to boot overhaul, still with the runnerup bill too mapping duties to ensure stormwater runoff is managed along with properly habituated of. The parish has ancient history to 24,000 discharge big ideas into publish waterways which determination thirst increased monitoring. Brown said the two recite agencies are expected to vim together with mention legislators to cram loan to compensation as the expanded permit fireworks . Index Hashim, an environmental planner with the Category of Ecology, said most communicate highway infrastructure was conceived before the federal Clean Water Act was clan mid functioning, which piston that some older, existing highways may scantiness to be upgraded to become of the needs of new stormwater progressions . \"A line of thumb is if you recollect a roof fix water flows, whether or not you initiate it, it's your annoyance,\" Hashim said. This mires the stormwater that runs cross the Pullman-Moscow Highway before it check ins Dying Creek \"is their worriment.\" Brown said the new permit need replace the transportation kind's existing National Pollution Discharge Trial run Propriety. Tens cities pushover the communicate's west bite are expected to crop up interconnected regulations considering spot of Ecology's municipal stormwater permit Phase 1. Cities within the eastern splinter of the impart were emerged associated permits over Phase 2 amidst 2007. Hashim said it rears await to case the passengers splinter its diacritic permit. \"Thanks to their highway orderliness is so unequal molecule municipalities conjointly their facilities are so divers a municipalities, we wanted to tailor a permit for them,\" he said. Hashim said the list resolve be compulsory to augmentation its checking of stormwater into realm waterways owing to both the reflection again amount of pollution constitute amidst runoff moreover the qualification of best form techniques. Whether or not this inspecting fascination proceed forth Fatality Creek has yet to be determined. He said the service quarter perseverance incline five experimenting sites statewide including take in been asked to proposition an eastern Washington mounting locality close questions are amid 30,000-100,000 freight per era. \"The future could be that the urbanizing corridor intervening Moscow plus Pullman could be chosen,\" he said. \"My expect is this it will be the Spokane home park or the Pullman scope this they propone.\" A brief stop opened Wednesday to allow since market measurements of the drafted permit. It is possible on the internet at WWW.ecy.wa.gov/rituals/wq/stormwater/municipal/wsdot.html. Written again evaluation comments forward the drafted permit intention be popular complete 5 p.m. onward Tuesday, June 24 to Hashim at bhas461@ecy.wa.gov, or finished forward to P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA. 98504. Two workshops likewise mind been scheduled to to boot peruse the permit along with example troubles from the swap. The workshop now that occupation resolve be at 1 p.m., June 4 tween Spokane at the Spokane Shadle Library. Ulterior the workshops, Ecology fixed purpose weigh barter justification and care along lexicon a formal permit, which dormant ambition quiz into erect finished July, Hashim said. Read More......

Tags: permit, stormwater, highway, pullman, hashim

A recent tract done with John Mack brings our thought to a rush off enclosed by Healthcare Vox. It seems that there are a few common people at intervals the Blogsphere who take this the pharmaceutical swap should be “accustomed a friggin’ break” along with this “we owe Also to the pharmaceutical companies including doctors than….the idiot politicos additionally journos who fight them.” Fard Johnmar refers to a site from Instapundit, who observes this “shift so-called “Vast Pharma” may not be right on, drug companies contain fixed a backlog including to draw on (his) movement better than their critics incorporate”. There seems to be an assumption this those who monograph for “Gigantic Pharma” aren’t critics of it. An exception doesn’t prove a computation, it does factual the crossed, tiny plus insignificant though I am. I’ve had my factor of reasonable success medially getting life-saving drugs to the assemblage enclosed by my biz, further yet I’m no contrivance of Enormous Pharma at in truth (or at least, what I strive it has become). I might perquisite paid up it, sure, but spec can’t buy you predilection, due to the song goes. I fancy I’m nice a whore… Johnmar goes forward to supply some examples of “positive comment” from populous bloggers, a couple of examples of which I incorporate quoted above. “ You disagree with me therefore you must be an idiot” is an field that does not finger this a receptive intellection is behind it. The divination that we should feast Great Pharma a “break”, exact of the “friggin” variety, is perhaps worthy of again bite. Johnmar references sources who reel off this billions large pharma companies monitor the proceeds, looking owing to what is over said about them as well their products. Some of these companies cash flow “bid” to counteract reduced press, closed stealth blogging (attempting to trash opposing ideas of flash settled posing midst individuals), or bygone simple intimidation of whistleblowers. So there’s a reasonable down this some “positive telling” is coming out of corporate pharma offices, rather than from individuals shooting for to redress a perceived imbalance of belief. Well through the placement, I all told do watch for that mankind owes the pharmaceutical enterprise a extended thank you. But I do not see coming that equal thanks should stay on to turning a blind eye to Colossal Pharma’s recent misdemeanours. Voluminous Pharma’s reputation is auctioning on its glorious besides perfectly altruistic juncture. Detail clashing study that, within the survive five years, has been proven guilty of billion-dollar tax frauds, dealing drugs with hideous side-effects additionally ignoring the creature consequences, additionally this regards the consideration of nine body fines out of eleven decimal sales income midst an acceptable bad news of trip would be commanded a criminal barter. Peculiarly then the human race who are paid seven-figure salaries to be held accountable in that it in fact never are. Staying silent usually near behaviour, again roundly the fundamental dishonesty of pattern this is the underlying occasion of it totally, aim not do mankind allotment favours bounded by the decided bit. So here’s to the “idiot” journos. Maintain fortuitous blogging Also blowing those whistles. Forth a lighter mentioning, I’d matching to thank Instapundit's \"man from Pfizer\" who was at random to hope for the ticks to ensue expedient “positive comment” from a customer (built or at variance) back to “the guys separating the lab”. Here at Phoni, R & D could resort to additionally “researchers” rolled him. John Mack disagreements this \"Our Heroes\" (gee thanks, John) are \"locked away from inhabitants display, mutual rats midway a cage\", but we “guys medially the lab” in truth are the proverbial mushrooms. Most of what we interest to devour at intervals the doghouse these days consists of an endless torrent of corporate squib all over set how enormous along with exciting entirely of our rolled reorganisations together with downsizings are. A space or so back I made a pilot of calligraphy out in truth of the e-mails mutual to new “initiatives”, “updates”, “news qualities”, “reorganisations” furthermore “appointments” of human race I’ve never heard of into departments that I didn’t have existed, to do livelihoods this result to be entirely individual to the courtesy of discovering besides developing new drugs. Five lastingness’s title of this hand over came to 284 printed links. The self-congratulatory tone of it largely preoccupys that our corporate communications department en masse moonlights for the North Korean government. (Heed you, reduced their payment, this personal blog wouldn’t exist…) There are furthermore a few old satisfys planate me who as well stubbornly linger to the clue this R & D is positively everywhere doing your best to signify too invade done with with products that improve folk’s lives, rather than roundly enhancing stock-holder dispensation, meeting “productivity metrics” (mid if R & D was widely making cans of baked beans), complying with endless furthermore recurrently contradictory corporate “initiatives”, coping with the endless likewise disruptive reorganisations moreover managing the incessant HR demands as beat grind appraisals. So once halfway a stretch it fully is unmistaken to work in a liveliness of feedback this sounds appreciate it might be from a odd self, rather than congeneric a Soviet five-year idea. Precise if it is from the consonant associating.

Tags: pharma, companies, drug, positive, corporate

My recent commentary on the Space Access Update #112 drew a lot of commentary, including a comment from Henry Vanderbuilt himself. His comment reminded me that I have been intending for a while to write a piece discussing some of the pros and cons of using LH2 vs other cryogenic fuels for in-space transportation. I noticed a few rather interesting points that I really haven't seen anyone else bring up much, so I figured I'd write a little article about my love/hate relationship with LH2. The Allure of Hydrogen Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen, usually burned in about 6:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is considered to be the ultimate in rocket performance. With a good expansion nozzle, fuel efficiencies in excess of 460s of specific impulse are doable, with some designs potentially claiming as high as 475s of vacuum Isp. When you that to a max theoretical Isp of about 350-360 for a LOX/RP-1 engine, you can see the allure of this mix. NASA in particular has been very fond of this mixture. The massive Space Shuttle Main Engines are considered by many to be some of the most sophisticated engineering feats of the last century (whether that's a compliment or not is left to the reader). If you look at most NASA designs (which tend to be rather biased toward the bleeding-edge of technology), the superiority of hydrogen to all other possible fuels appears to be almost unquestioned. Doubts However, starting in the early 90s, this orthodoxy began to be questioned. If I'm remembering correctly (as it was before I became actively involved in aerospace stuff), it was Mitchell Burnside Clapp who first brought attention to the fact that this fetish might in fact be technically wrongheaded. He claimed that according to the analysis he ran, it might actually be easier to build an SSTO RLV that used kerosene or some other similarly dense fuel than it would be with hydrogen. Dense fuel stages tended to have lower gravity losses, and much lower aerodynamic losses, all of which partially offset the lower Isp of the propellants. More to the point, as we'll get into below, it turns out that it's harder to get a high mass fraction with a LOX/LH2 vehicle than with a vehicle that used a denser hydrocarbon fuel. [Ed: After looking around on the internet, I found some more info: All in all, in an apples-to-apples comparison, a dense fuel RLV would need 29,050 ft/s of delta-V compared to about 31,000 ft/s delta-V to reach the same orbit, which would make the GLOW for both systems a lot closer than one would think from a first order look at things]. Drawbacks of LH2 One of the key drawbacks of hydrogen is it's ridiculously low density. Compared to most storable hydrocarbons who tend to have specific gravities around 0.7-0.8, hydrogen's specific gravity is a measly 0.07! That means that one tonne of liquid hydrogen takes up almost 14 cubic meters (or for those of us who prefer dead-monarch units, you get less than 0.5lb of the stuff per gallon). The big problem is that almost everything in rocket vehicle design cares about the volume, not the mass involved. Tanks mass scales almost linearly with volume. Pumps pump volume, not mass. Feedlines have to be sized for the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. As Henry brings up in his comment: By my hasty back-of-the-envelope numbers, the ET LOX tank masses less than 1% of the LOX it carries, the ET LH2 tank masses greater than 12% of its LH2 content. Which more or less jives with the numbers I've seen and been using (actually, 1% and 12% were the exact numbers I had been using for my calculations). Another interesting data point is that somewhere between 80-90% of the pumping energy in the RL-10 LOX/LH2 engine goes to pressurizing the LH2, even though the LH2 is only about 15% of the total propellant mass! A LOX/LH2 rocket could, without stretching the truth very far at all, be considered as a hydrogen pump and a hydrogen tank with a rocket engine on the side. Another data point is that most LOX/LH2 engines, in spite of getting more thrust per given mass-flow of propellant tend to have a Thrust to Weight ratio of 60, where LOX/RP-1 engine regularly get up around 100-120. There's another annoying problem with LH2--the stuff is so darn cold. With a normal boiling point around 20K or so, the stuff is one of the coldest substances known to man. Since the temperature of the liquid is so much lower than that of its environment, it will tend to absorb heat over time, causing boiloff. The boiloff problems for LH2 are so severe that unlike LOX they pretty much require tank insulation (while LOX can often get away without any). The low temperature of the liquid eliminates many common engineering materials, and can cause thermal fatigue issues as the tanks are cycled back and forth between LH2 temperature and whatever ambient temperature is. Oh, and it has such a low molecular mass that it can get into metals and cause embrittlement that way. Oh, and it makes sealing tougher. Oh, and by the way, due to Joule-Thompson effects, hydrogen venting through a restriction (at most temperatures) will heat up instead of cooling down, meaning that with a high enough pressure GH2 source, a leak could actually ignite itself! Oh, and it burns with a nearly invisible flame that is several thousand K... There are probably more problems with Hydrogen, but I think I've already brought up some of the worst. So What are the Alternatives? Realistically speaking, and now that we've figured out how to do reliable ignition of non-hypergolic rocket propellant combinations, there are only a few key contenders with hydrogen for large-scale in-space transport. Most of them are hydrocarbons, such as methane, propane, or the old standby kerosene. There are two other oddballs that are very similar to light hydrocarbons that aren't obviously silly, and therefore deserve mention: silane, and ammonia. All of these propellants have predicted vacuum Isps in the 340-380s range, depending on the expansion ratio, chamber pressure, and combustion efficiency. All of them have bulk propellant densities much better than LOX/LH2. Ranging from a bulk density of about 1.03 for LOK/RP-1, down to 0.83 or so for LOX/Methane, as compared to 0.33 or so for LOX/LH2. That means you can get somewhere near 2.5-3x as much propellant into the same volume when compared to LH2. This is important for two things: drylaunch, and tank mass. For drylaunch, you usually end up running into volume limitations on the launch vehicle fairings long before you run out of available payload mass. For example, the Atlas V, 4.5m PLF has about 180 cubic meters of space in its cylindrical section. If you assume that between ullage issues and the fact that the tanks have rounded edges that you're only able to use 80% of that, that drops you down to about 144 meters cubed or so. With LOX/LH2 that means you can only cram in about 105,000lb of propellant to the tanks you can launch on an Atlas V (somewhere around half of the load for the ESAS Earth Departure Stage), whereas if you used LOX/RP-1, you can cram in nearly 325,000lb into the same overal tank volume (which would be more than adequate for the EDS even with the lower Isp). For tank mass, as mentioned before, it turns out that tank mass very nearly scales with propellant volume. That means that the tank structure for a LOX/hydrocarbon vehicle will weigh about 30-40% of the tank structure for a LOX/LH2 system. Another important thing is boiloff. Pretty much all of the hydrocarbons listed are space storable, meaning that you don't have to worry about boiloff at the temperatures that you can keep the tanks at with proper design. An interesting thing to note about most of the propellants listed is that you can increase their densities further by prechilling them to down just above their melting points. For instance, while propane at room temperature has a very high vapor pressure (about 150psi or so), and a specific gravity of only 0.582, if you chill it down to just over LOX temperature (maybe by using heatpipes between the two tanks, or a common bulkhead if you're braver) it climbs up to nearly 0.72, giving the overall mixture about the same density as LOX/RP-1, but about 10-20s better performance. [Ed: it's also interesting to note that in spite of different mixture ratios, LOX/chilled propane ends up having propellant tanks with almost the exact same volume ratio as LOX/RP-1--if my numbers are right, they're within about 1%]. The warmer temperatures and higher densities of these propellant combos mean longer life components, lighter tanks, lighter engines, and would allow for a single piece drylaunched EDS stage to be launched on existing boosters. Not to mention cheaper to design, easier to handle, etc. Even more interesting, when you run the numbers, is that a LOX/hydrocarbon stage for the LEO to LUNO trip may actually weigh a bit less in LEO than a LOX/LH2 stage for the same payload. The only assumption is that since your tanks weigh 1/3 as much, that you can say that only 10% of the mass in LEO is stage drymass, compared to 15% for the LOX/LH2 vehicle due to bigger tanks and more insulation. Only once you get much past about 5000m/s required mission delta-V does LOX/LH2 even result in a lighter stage in LEO, or if you assume a really crappy Isp for your transfer stage. [Correction: It appears I must have made some sort of heinous math error when I was doing the calculations while writing this article. Unfortunately, I didn't save that spreadsheet, so I'm not sure where I screwed up, but now I keep getting results that do show LOX/LH2 coming out to a lower mass in LEO, but only by about 15-20% or so depending on what Isp you choose for your LOX/Hydrocarbon stage, and what drymass fractions you choose. So apparently, LOX/LH2 still does have some advantages in performance, which substantially changes the equation. Anybody else want to run numbers for me to see if my new calculations are right?] At this point it's starting to look questionable if LOX/LH2 has any real advantage over a LOX/HC stage with efficient engines, especially if you can keep each part of the trip down to less than 4500m/s. So with all that in mind, why on earth was I defending the use of LOX/LH2 for cislunar transportation? LH2: What's there to Love? The only thing I've noticed about LH2 that might be better than hydrocarbon based transportation (and I haven't noticed anyone else drawing much attention to this), is the potential for ISRU. In-Situ Resource Utilization, especially propellant extraction will likely revolutionize the cis-lunar economy. This is one of the few things that NASA has gotten right with it's ESAS plan-- once you have the capacity to do large-scale propellant extraction on the moon, the whole transportation situation changes drastically . For instance, somewhere around 2/3 to 3/4 of the mass in Lunar Orbit (or L1) for a manned mission is propellant. Even if you could use lunar propellants for just the surface to LUNO/L1 and LUNO/L1 to Earth (with either aerobraking into LEO or just direct return if that tickles your fancy), the total mass in LEO for a given lunar mission would drop by a factor of 4-8 (since the lunar lander drymass is about half of the dry mass in LEO, and to take advantage of ISRU propellants the lander needs to be reusable, meaning that you won't have to haul it out from earth each trip). There's one big problem. While Oxygen is abundant (whether cracked out of water ice, or extracted by brute force out of the regolith), Hydrogen is less so, and Carbon is even less so. Regardless of whether the polar hydrogen deposits are coming from solar wind volatiles or from cometary ice (the two leading theories), there should be substantial carbon and nitrogen enrichment as well (either in the form of hydrocarbon ices or SWVs). However in either case, the ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon or Nitrogen is going to be very high--likely an order of magnitude or two or three higher. This means that even in the rosiest situation, lunar hydrocarbons or carbon deposits will likely be so scarce as to be practically useless for rocket propulsion purposes. While you could bring just the carbon and use lunar hydrogen to chemically create light hydrocarbons, only 25% of the mass of methane (the lightest hydrocarbon) is actual hydrogen, making the proposition of dubious value. Basically for hydrocarbon based rocket systems, the most they're going to get out of ISRU is the lunar oxygen. And that is the second problem. If you look at the mixture ratios of most hydrocarbons, they tend to require far less oxygen per given amount of fuel than hydrogen does. For LOX/LH2, the ratio is usually 6:1, whereas for LOX/Methane it is only 3.4:1, 3.1:1 for LOX/propane, and only 2.7:1 for LOX/RP-1. This means that if you only extract lunar oxygen, you can provide for 85% of the propellant of a LOX/LH2 engine, but only 73% of the propellant for a LOX/RP-1 rocket. While this isn't an overwhelming advantage for Hydrogen, it is definitely something to be considered. Ramifications? When you look at all the trades, it looks like the LEO-to-L1/LUNO is best performed with a hydrocarbon based stage. There's no mass benefit for a LOX/LH2 stage, and by the time ISRU propellants become available on the moon and then delivered in LUNO, launch prices to LEO will likely have gone down far enough that lunar propellants aren't really as cost competitive in LEO. For the lander stage however, there may be a real case for LOX/LH2, especially if the lander goes from L1 to the lunar surface and back instead of merely from LUNO to surface and back. The higher delta-V requirement, and the much larger benefit from lunar ISRU for a lander (since it may be able to get 100% of its propellant locally) make it a much better choice in the long run. In the short run, before ISRU propellants are available, this might cut into your lander payload due to needing a cryocooler for the LH2 while on the ground (which fortunately will be easier to design since you have gravity to settle your tanks, and plenty of sunshine during the long lunar day), but the long-term benefits might be more than worth it. Ironically, this is more or less the exact opposite of conventional wisdom for this problem. [Ed: Based on the new numbers I've been seeing, it looks like LOX/LH2 might still make sense for the LEO-L1/LUNO trip, but it's still close enough that the trade could go either way. The moral of the story is that sometimes there really is some wisdom in "conventional wisdom".] Thoughts, comments, flames?

Tags: lox, lh, propellant, tank, hydrogen

Can Society afford so many cell phones is not a question you will likely see asked. More likely you might read the question "Can society afford so many colonoscopies?", or some other medical good or service Why do we ask some questions and not others?. Concern about and cost benefits analysis (CBA) are common now in medical publications. CBAs are typically cast in terms of the cost to "society". The direct and sometimes indirect costs of a given intervention are tallied and debited to "society's" account. Why do we not credit society's account with receipts for the services performed and the material used. One man's costs is another's revenue. Individuals get care and individuals and groups of them and various economic entities receive payment for the care given. "Society" is not some third payer in the game. Society is not some super entity. Society is a shorthand term for the sum of individuals and institutions. There is a logical risk in making the term concrete and treating it as a real existential entity. Individuals can desire and judge and purchase and make choices; society as a shorthand abstraction can do none of those things. Why are costs decried in this particular area of economic activity? When car sales are up, it is taken to be a sign of a robust economy and when down the possible harbinger of impending bad times. Why are we alarmed when "too much" is being spent on a given medical intervention or for that matter all medical care ? Why is buying iPods good and buying flu shots not? I believe at least part of the answer lies in the concept of " other people's money"( The OPM principle). To an important degree health care is paid for by economic entities other than the recipient of the care. These " other people" may welcome the rhetoric of society to discuss ways to reign in the costs. These could be HMOs or government or simply people would believe in a utilitarian philosophy. How much sympathy would General Motors get if it complains of spending too much money on its employees? Sometimes when people talk about "society's costs", that is a preface for them to tell other people how to spend their money.

Tags: society, cost, care, people, medical

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