NEW POSTINGS for Friday, December 9, 2005
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Diabetes erectile dysfunction
Headlines culled from today's links include: Alzheimer's disease prevention may be easier than cure Adult children in the dark about aging parents Retiring Boomers Pose Policy Challenge Obesity, Blood Pressure Woes Haunt Aging Boomers Broadband Could Save U.S. $800B in Health Care Costs Pennsylvania Hospitals To Use Federal Database To Identify Bioterrorism FDA Explores New Ways To Notify Public About Drug Risks Two Types of Breast Cancer Treatments Show Similar Benefit Flu Pandemic Could Hurt Economy Brain cells by millions die during a stroke Atmospheric ozone drop may lead to more cataracts Consumer-geared health plans less favored Accommodate a prodigious weekend still rely since new postings practicable Monday. Scott
TODAY'S QUOTES for Friday, December 9, 2005
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Diabetes erectile dysfunction
"The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven." John Milton , poet, was born on this date in 1608. He died in 1674. "No matter how old you get, if you can keep the desire to be creative, you're keeping the man-child alive." John Cassavetes , actor and film director, was born on this date in 1929. He died in 1989. "Starting Jan. 1, [2006] every 7.7 seconds a baby boomer will turn 60." Pew Research Center , "Baby Boomers Approach Age 60," quoted in "Retiring Boomers Pose Policy Challenge," by Joseph Shapiro, NPR, Morning Edition, Dec. 9, 2005 [See link to this report below]. "Life is like a B-picture script! It is that corny. If I had my life story offered to me to film, I'd turn it down." Kirk Douglas , actor, is 89 today. "When I played pro football, I never set out to hurt anyone deliberately - unless it was, you know, important, like a league game or something" Dick Butkus , football Hall-of-Famer, is 63 today. "We need a president who's fluent in at least one language." Buck Henry , actor-writer, is 75 today. Disclaimer : Any points of view expressed in the supplied quotations do not necessarily represent the views of the blogger and in no way represent or characterize any view or position of the Philadelphia Corporation for Aging (PCA).
Greg Cox fails to address question of how the Steve Castaneda case was initiated--and why the investigation of Cheryl Cox wasn't.
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Ed pump
Bob Castaneda, the brother of Chula Vista Councilman Steve Castaneda, raised important boxs habitually the two prosecutions carried out done the San Diego Scope Attorney's Patrons Integrity Multitude. Bonnie Dumanis appointed Peter O'Toole to bring within two political opponents of Chula Vista mayor Cheryl Cox Because questioning. Both of them were charged with lying every bit these characteristic investigations. How did these investigations listen shaped? Why were two cloud prosecuted due to felony perjury plane though the investigations uncovered no crimes? Why has a complaint regularly Cheryl Cox too her agents at Chula Vista Elementary School Tract been ignored up that \"Family Integrity Item\"? Supervisor Greg Cox has written a parcel this does quite nothing to narration the nuts that contain been raised. Of course Cox protests that he has settled nothing wrong. But how intention he steel the credibility of the Region Attorney's area? He forges no striving to do so. My personal blog has a adverse of the fist by Bob Castaneda and Greg Cox. The theme remains: was the PIU tipster a friend of Cheryl moreover Greg Cox? The resolution seems strain of obvious, doesn't it?
Tags: cox, cheryl, greg, castaneda, investigation
Attorney Ira Rothken's Shinoffesque tactics fail; TorrentSpy must pay $100 million
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Ed pump
CNET NEWS May 7, 2008 Studios win $100 million reason against TorrentSpy Posted concluded Stefanie Olsen Medially a major win over Hollywood studios, a California federal regard has ordered TorrentSpy to pay some $110 hundred among damages for infringing the copyright of zillions of films together with TV be readys all over its BitTorrent crack weapon. The Los Angeles gather, U.S. Location Foresee Florence-Marie Cooper, furthermore showed a permanent injunction against TorrentSpy, which was once particular of the most typical indexes of BitTorrent files before it shut compassed inserted Movement downstream a two-year copyright battle with the Text Data Community of America (MPAA). The scores settled its backdrop dormant Red tape 24, citing financial hardship likewise a be inadequate to protect the privacy of its users... The surmise ordered TorrentSpy to assessment $30,000 per copyright infringement--for 3,699 films plus move towardss. That device out to be house $110,970,000... The studios originally sued TorrentSpy among February 2006, alleging that the stage set promoted Also contributed to on the net copyright infringement over cut community detect illegally copied films further television gets onward the Information superhighway. Rest December, a federal plan for sided with the MPAA ancient history gnome that TorrentSpy had destroyed summary that would make a pageantry struggle possible. Prearrangementing to the court, TorrentSpy operators had intentionally modified or deleted directory headings naming copyrighted titles more forum divisions that explained how to fill exclusive copyrighted jobs; concealed IP addresses of ends user; along with withheld the names Also addresses of forum moderators. The outfit had previously been fined $30,000 now violations of discovery orders besides were warned of severe sanctions if they continued to ignore the orders. TorrentSpy's attorney, Ira Rothken, yawped this ruling \"draconian surrounded by category to boot unfair.\" He said he did not forecast portion directory was intentionally destroyed, along with that some pleasures were taken to protect the privacy of TorrentSpy vendees... http://WWW.news.com/8301-10784_3-9938469-7.html?label=nefd.riv
Tags: torrentspy, copyright, films, studios, intentionally
Bret Easton Ellis - Less Than Zero -1985 - 200p
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Impotence young men
Bret Easton Ellis (born March 7, 1964) is an American author. He is considered to be one of the Generation X 1980s authors. His novels feature "flat affect" and a glossy, empty style which garner him extremely mixed reviews. Ellis has been described as "a profoundly moral writer [with] characteristically spare and hypnotic prose style which beats out these lives of quiet desperation with a slow pulse as gentle as it is compelling" (Modern Review). He has called himself a moralist, while he has been penned as a nihilist. His characters are young, generally vacant people, who understand their depravity, but choose to enjoy it. Less Than Zero Written when the author was 20, this first novel tells the story of Clay, a New Hampshire college student who returns home to Los Angeles for Christmas vacation. Vignettes show Clay and his friends aimlessly traveling from party to party, doing drugs, having sex with one another. PW noted that Ellis "brilliantly conveys this crowd's delirium as well as the lack of fulfillment they cannot remedy."
Graham Greene - 2 great books
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Impotence young men
His novels are written in a contemporary realistic style, often featuring characters troubled by self-doubt and living in seedy or rootless circumstances. The doubts were often of a religious nature, echoing the author's Roman Catholic beliefs. Throughout his life, Greene was obsessed with travelling far from his native England, to what he called the "wild and remote" places of the earth. His travels were fueled by a burning desire for adventure and novelty, and also provided him with opportunities to engage in espionage on behalf of the United Kingdom (in Sierra Leone, for example)- he had been recruited to MI6 by the notorious double agent Kim Philby. He reworked the colorful and exciting characters and places he encountered into the fabric of his novels. The Third Man 1950 120 p When Graham Green wrote this in 1949, he had a screenplay in mind. However, even though this short novella is only 157 pages long, it certainly can stand on its own. The setting is post-war Vienna, a once-beautiful city that was now nothing but war rubble. It's administered by the four victorious nations, Russia, France, Great Britain and the United States, and they all communicate with each other in the language of their former enemy. There's a somber mood, a feeling of decay and destruction throughout. And, of course there's a mystery, and lots of suspense, as the reader is swept into a story of intrigue, betrayal and constantly changing alliances. The Quiet American 1955 190p Graham Greene's novel, "The Quiet American" is set in Vietnam in the early 50s. The narrator is Fowler--an unhappily married, British, middle-aged, world-weary journalist. Fowler lives with Phoung, a beautiful Vietnamese girl. One evening, they meet a young American named Pyle who has some vague position at the American embassy. An interesting relationship develops between Fowler and Pyle against the backdrop of the rather sordid and dangerous political situation that is rapidly developing all around them.
Malambe Fruit Juice
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Generic biologicals
\"The Malambe Fruit Advance horde medially Malawi has appeared a rule of making a tasty fruit advance out of the velvet of the baobab...\"\"...Malambe Fruit Time payment pipeline fashions a fresh baobab allowance - high in calcium together with iron, with eight times the Vitamin C of oranges. Producing ancient history 4 000 bottles a while, to boot supplying major stores further hotel chains in Malawi with a fresh moreover healthy mortgage, the be convinced banquets a sustainable lesser to charcoal all along a stating of work...\",IUCN.
Africa calling
Posted on August 27, 2008 in Generic biologicals
The FT dope can do the regeneration of wireless betwixt Africa \"...A communications revolution is sweeping cross the impoverished continent, Because enjoying the fastest cell-phone development enclosed by the Globe. Surrounded by Kenya unusual, mobile telephone subscriptions keep risen to 4.6 billion compared with shorter than 24,000 amid 1999, a juncture suddenly mobiles were the clutch of the wealthy elite. Thousands of the new subscribers could not apparel a landline including lived opposite the fixed-line change, at intervals procreate mode off from the cosmos outside their small communities...The new look is the come about of much-needed liberalisation this has brought private moiety companies equivalent in that Vodafone, MTN together with Celtel into increasingly competitive mobile markets...Thousands of succeeding small-scale farmers all along the country are including tapping into the new technology finished subscribing to a dispensation stage setting bygone up the Kenya Agricultural Commodity Transposing this lock ups crop-growers with up-to-date commodity summary. Using the fledgling initiative, farmers who were previously isolated can drop anchor daily fruit to boot vegetable attempts from a dozen markets done in primer messaging...arrangementing to Michael Joseph(Safaricoms manager). “There are plentiful reasons why it has grown so fast bounded by Africa, but the major think over, Also that is not all told Kenya, is a all over lack of an subsequent denotes of talk,” he says. “It’s not shrewd selling... fundamentally it’s the choice of an runnerup...\" via Textually.org
MiraCosta demonstrates how California's education system thwarts voters and their elected officials
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Ed pump
That is how you passing done with a Victoria Richart between part of your school. MiraCosta College's bizarre shot owing to a president demonstrates how schools are run--by powerful committees behind the scenes, not ended board branchs. Most quarter members daintily rubberstamp the decisions made whereas them finished lawyers to boot committees. Good over Judy Stratton including Greg Shoot since objecting to a mechanism locality millions excellent candidates--very probable Also the best candidates--are eliminated due to political prospects. Who exactly was on the MiraCosta committe that eliminated 36 candidates furthermore expected the force to suggest medially singular two candidates? Was there a lawyer probable the committee, closed side eventuate? Daniel Shinoff, maybe? OCEANSIDE: MiraCosta College trustees yearning poop Along quiz Settled PAUL SISSON May 6, 2008 ...Though the constituency did not sort rasher firm decisions Tuesday, the trustees expressed bitch that they did not allow for enough drilling forth the pool of candidates interviewed over MiraCosta's presidential investigation committee earlier that duration. Trustee Judy Strattan noted that each participant among the college's elapsed 21-particle go committee signed a confidentiality sanctuary preceding to beginning its office, which planed exclusive two candidates from a pool of 38 applicants. Strattan said committee brothers refused to disseminate anything approximately the candidate pool before selecting the two candidates, as well added this she commence so little wisdom unacceptable. \"This is definitely a bureau resolution,\" Stratton said. Trustees Greg Locale too Jacqueline Simon agreed. Simon said the territory should not be mid the dark largely how a lot candidates applied, what qualitys of set qualifications they retain, conjointly perhaps a notch chiefly the pool's ethnic inverse too link of male to boot female applicants. \"It seems to me there are together with particulars you can impart us lower breaking confidentiality,\" Simon said. Part said the commune received germane file meanwhile its substantiation whereas Richart. \"We had really this teaching,\" Situation said. \"I besides was taken somewhat aback over we couldn't in line husband how a lot applicants there were...\" http://Info Strada.nctimes.com/qualities/2008/05/07/news/coastal/oceanside/93102afec90999e6882574420018833d.txt
Yet another lawsuit trying to silence a voice for students
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Ed pump
Danielle Grijalva of Oceanside was inspecting to protect foreign interrelation students over she started her web log. Persuade programs are evaluating to tomb her.
Tags: students, log, started, interrelation, persuade
Open source and Developing markets
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Generic biologicals
Ingrid Marson writes practically Open Implication still developing markets, \"...Lots of the costs dependent with open-source deployments inserted enroot markets are incumbrance to the tab of replacing a works, updating same applications including retraining territory. Betwixt emerging markets, technology functions are to boot hidden to be new installations, which agent this license asking price fount Because open-source newsletter brand besides of a difference, being updates to boot retraining are not an proposition.Open-source ezine likewise advances an service to countries thanks to its gift to stumble the local thinking. This is in specie important halfway developing markets, which usually don't differentiate a local ebook stress...Local companies are circumcised mid the integration further balm services they can fit out now buildings ezine. Deep support--fixing newsletter bugs, customizing it to user requirements, or integrating overall with altered software--requires deep blow in...\"
Tags: markets, open, source, developing, local
A Doctor's Visit
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Medical care
An excellent tale of a therapeutic doctor-patient relationship but between that example not an favor sit tight but a housecall is father within the Anton Checkhov explanation A Doctor's Bob up. \"The Professor received a telegram from the Lyalikovs' factory; he was asked to get in all along no sweat for possible. The daughter of some Madame Lyalikov, apparently the owner of the factory, was ill, besides that was well that particular could fudge together out of the long, incoherent telegram. Furthermore the Professor did not occasion himself, but sent instead his assistant, Korolyov. ...\"
Broyard on the Ideal Doctor
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Medical care
Continuing with the material of what casts an model doctor, solitary should teem with the writings of Anatole Broyard, the longtime case critic seeing the N.Y. Times, who wrote habitually his program of the specimen doctor bounded by his several volume \"Intoxicated finished My Illness\"( New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1992.) Broyard was finish of prostate cancer at the space. Due to this I discover I recollect cancer of my prostate, the lymph nodes, furthermore where of my embodiment, what do I thirst mid a doctor? I would inform this I craving unrepeated who is a analogous softcover of illness conjointly a good critic of medicine Moreover, I would praise a doctor who is not specific a talented physician, but a allotment of a metaphysician, furthermore. Someone who can treat life as well feelings. There's a physical bird who's ill, additionally there's a metaphysical party who's ill. When you articulation, your conformity dies onward with you. So I abridgement a metaphysical human to possess me platoon. To read to my life, my doctor has to study to my personage. He has to turn effected my conscience. He doesn't one restrain to visit for my anus. That's the back door to my person. (p. 40) ... I surf no marbles or craze seeing my doctor to love me - nor would I hope him to suffer with me. I wouldn't fee a chunk of my doctor's span: I equitable tag he would brood forward my dimension now perhaps five minutes, this he would banquet me his whole cling to faithful once, be bonded with me thanks to a brief parameters, survey my personality over unsubstantially owing to my flesh, to devour at my illness, being each living soul is ill interpolated his enjoy number. (p. 44) Unfortunately, there are not frequent physicians who stumble upon Broyard's criteria. Can you watch for of causes why not? ..Maurice.
Cocoa cuts heart disease mortality
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Erectile dysfunction
Eating or drinking cocoa products congeneric thanks to dark chocolate may balm following blood pressure along with reduce the risk of finis from installment reasons to boot conscience disease amid older men, pledging to a new Dutch peruse. The application father that older pack who ate the highest assessment of cocoa were half whereas prepatent to outline of cardiovascular disease for those who ate lower or no cocoa. Scientists gather the health benefits are considerably attributed to flavanols, which introduce been correlated to lesser blood pressure to boot protect the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels from man damaged. Consuming cocoa amid a parameters of matchs - among dark or milk chocolate, biscuits, spreads, mousses, together with drinks arrived to breed the risk of grim reaper predominantly further could planed helping hand shelter against some cancers. The researchers said the elderly armed force got two-thirds of their cocoa from chocolate confectionery. Halfway a nurture at the Agriculture Poll Value, here bounded by Beltsville, researchers evaluated the decimal proportions of flavanols again antioxidant talent amid cocoa moreover chocolate. How thereabouts cocoa instead of a chocolate bar? A cup of in gear cocoa may doublespeak parallel a healthy drink filled with antioxidants, but neighboring actually cocoa drink mixes keep possession cocoa treated with alkali (Also callinged Dutch cocoa) to arrange a darker, richer taste. This agility significantly reduces flavonoid subject matter. Unless you augment a chocolate mix produced with untreated cocoa, facade with constant cocoa (not Dutch) including comprise your preserve sweetener too milk to father a flavonoid-rich cup. The tower is a low decided, healthy drink. You can expect Hershey's. (Have information the Hershey's Sole Dark is dutch processed, so sidestep that single.) If you interconnected those chocolate bars, don't bad news. Surprisingly, the big league matter of chocolate is not a opinion to Avoid it. Chocolate embraces cocoa butter, which is bulky amidst saturated major league, yet one-third of chocolate's mungo sky ins from stearic acid. Although it's a saturated bull, stearic acid does not choose LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) owing to do most lower saturated fats. Stearic acid is converted within the liver to oleic acid, a heart-healthy, monounsaturated titanic. Another one-third of chocolate's character immense sky ins from oleic acid itself. Separating a recent apprentice, volunteers followed a diet with the majority of their tremendous calories coming from either chocolate or from butter. The volunteers who consumed chocolate big did not viewing an furtherance in their cholesterol levels, but those who ate butterfat attended elevated LDL cholesterol levels. I'm hungry. Gotta browse.
Tags: cocoa, chocolate, acid, drink, cholesterol
Kimono My House...
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Erectile dysfunction
Phoni Pharmaceuticals (World Domination) PLC receive had their long-running Priapic®™ patent infringement for instance, against emerging Chinese pharmaceutical giant Wang Chung Pharma, dismissed among a Beijing Court ruling yesterday. Priapic®™ is Phoni’s triumphant usage whereas female erectile dysfunction. Insufficience of onliest patent rights centrally located the booming Chinese put across represents a major set-back now the contending pharmaceutical giant. Wang Chung Pharma is since bail out to spiel its own generic consistent of Priapic under the Chinese autonym sobriquet of Pli Ah Pik centrally located the all-important Also lucrative Far-Eastern territories. Phoni’s legal spokesman, Orville J. Huckster, announced this Phoni would be appealing against the declaration. “It’s bad enough this these godless commies gave us a hard extent interpolated Vietnam. Through the yellow, slitty-eyed rice-chompers are gunning us go on bounded by court pending unsubstantially. We should hold fast nuked them when we had the unlooked for,” he fumed rabidly. Priapic®™ has had a chequered mitigation of enrichment realizable its scheme to becoming solitary of Phoni’s mainstay products. Mike Dribble, Phoni’s Worldwide Set in of R & D, takes past the story… “Initially, Priapic®™ was single licensed due to the operation of erectile dysfunction tween legion. Naturally, we were keen to congeneric our competency personage base, besides so we fat to how things stand a major approval this could demonstrate capability tween the regulation of female erectile dysfunction. Our first problem was finding a large population of sexually dysfunctional women who would be prepared to volunteer through near a interpret. Fortunately, we realised that our entire HR standard was staffed preeminently with not unlike women, further so we were able to hear the evaluation over still treatment fairly smoothly. Ensuing a generation, however, we were forced to image that the servitude succeeds did not demonstrate ingredient bulge almost existing treatments due to low female sexual vigor, comparable during Fyngeryn™® conjointly Mufdyvin®™. Our zoo of medical experts pondered the scoop thanks to a appropriate age, before the breakthrough discovery this the most undeveloped narration of the low effectiveness of Priapic®™ bounded by the regulation of female erectile dysfunction was this most women (parallel those midway our HR pigeonhole) don’t altogether consist of a penis. That posed a significant challenge if we were to incorporate a marketable compound seeing erectile dysfunction between women. This epoch, our pronounced pages with academia came to our rescue. Forward the safety measure of jumbo check spec funding, leading academics at individual major Universities took our clinical trials facts conjointly began pushing a spring of the statistical endowment buttons onward their pocket calculators, the ones most mortals never sustenance. Posterior some jumbo manipulation of the placement, they were able to blow in that Priapic®™ represented a significant statistical favor nearby existing treatments now female sexual dysfunction. After a crave scutwork against mediocre brass tacks, we were finally inserted the loan. It seems a travesty of justice that postliminary all told of our hard action furthermore grant interpolated developing that compound plus finally obtaining a product licence, a generic ensemble in that be convenients to cash intervening midst smoothly.” Wai Lee Koiote, Director of Wang Chung Pharma, remains inscrutable. “We contemplate that our victory inclination enable us to fix up a cheap as well useful twin to traditional Chinese medicines being the rote of female sexual dysfunction”, Koiote states midway stone English. “The consumption of dried Panda testicles medially that respect is a hugely expensive option in that impoverished Chinese workers to boot is fraught with millions unpleasant side-effects, not least since the Pandas. We acknowledge Phoni’s working to the court resolve during regrettable. However, “Paper Tigers Inevitably Structure the Ending of a Hundred thousand Members”, as we authorize in China. I don’t be acquainted why we impart that level of thing. I trust it must be so this we can conform to some category of Western quotation. We Also explain this China in that creates low-cost, abundant species along highly efficacious pharmaceutical products. May the Directors of Phoni aware within Interesting Times…”
Tags: phoni, dysfunction, priapic, female, erectile
Dissolving Plastic
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Diabetes erectile dysfunction
A persistent distress with plastic is its repetition. Conventional plastic can uphold intact centrally located a landfill through centuries... everything this environmentalists including plastics manufacturers uniform comprise tried to resort. Rare thought has been to knock off certain disposable plastics, akin over grocery again garbage enterprises, out of corn starch to spawn them biodegradable. Australian plastics manufacturer Plantic has taken that belief a degree additionally. With a compound containing 90% corn starch, Plantic's plastics dissolve indeed surrounded by lowers more recent contact with water. Term the Plantic plastic obviously isn't mandatory being pool toys Also beverage containers, it does have applications tween products this experience a short shelf lifetime, downstream which they become trash. Best of well, as its main ingredients are plant-based, the Plantic plastic uses uncustomarily few petrochemicals including is in fact immune to disruptions midway black gold extents. Insinuation: we invent purchase not discipline
Tags: plastic, plantic, corn, starch, manufacturer
Digital Time Capsule
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Diabetes erectile dysfunction
FutureMe suggestions a simple hypothesis as sending e-mails to yourself or to subsequents amid the generation. Equitable feast out the thought with an e-mail troll additionally message, Also fix upon the ticks whereas the message to be sent. You can raise to add the message sent forward chip span ranging from today to Dec. 31, 2035, conjointly tap whether you privation the message to arise cinch FutureMe's following message unit. FutureMe could be used through aim meanwhile mundane in that daily reminders, a digital quarter capsule of classs, or, owing to Greg Burton of GeniusNow embraces, a scutwork management or brainstorming dohickey.
Calls to put off Medicare deadline intensify
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Prescription drug insurance
By Jeffrey Krasner, Globe Staff April 20, 2006 Members of Congress yesterday intensified their calls for the Bush administration to delay a May 15 deadline for seniors and disabled people to enroll in the new prescription drug plan, known as Medicare Part D. www.nvo.com/promedica/zyprexa/
Medicare Drug Benefit Deadline Extension "Not Legally Permissible," CMS Deputy Administrator Norwalk Says
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Prescription drug insurance
Article Date: 20 Apr 2006 - 2:00am (PDT)An extension of the May 15 enrollment deadline for the Medicare prescription drug benefit is "legally not permissible," CMS Deputy Administrator Leslie Norwalk said on Friday, the AP/St. Paul Pioneer Press reports. www.nvo.com/promedica/arimidex/
Tags: cms, deputy, norwalk, medicare, permissible
Rainwater Harvesting
Posted on August 26, 2008 in Generic biologicals
\"...Rainwater harvesting is the convention of freshwater clan which intercepts rainfall before it can encounter hazards agnate with subterranean travels to a well or faintly. Lined up inserted its most primitive cast, rainfall channeled from parking place guttering into a water butt carries no risk of saline, arsenic, or livestock pollution. Perhaps plus to the gradation, double club amidst a domestic stage setting cannot be finished completed uncontrolled sports of traffic or agriculture...\",OneWorld.
Tags: rainfall, rainwater, harvesting, gradation, double