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Meridian Institute, REPORT INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE ON RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, Alexandria VA, June 16-18, 2004. RECOMMENDED There are very few documents addressing truly international concerns about applied nanoscience and nanotechnology. I found this document mostly useful for its participant list. In addition, some of the material could easily find its ways into focus groups and in-depth interviews in our work within societal and ethical implications of nanotechnology (SEIN). [I am not sure, but I think I am going to link this acronym with Michael Gorman from UVA. I worked with him on a NNIN and an NSEC proposal and I believe he introduced it]. This dialogue on responsible nanotechnology took place in Alexandria, VA. It involves representatives from twenty-five countries and several international organizations though it heavily represented the developed world and was weak in terms of NGO participation. Some important general observations included a call for international coordination, nanotechnology should not be viewed as a single technology, no country was considering a moratorium, transparent regulatory efforts should enable adaptive capacity and encourage flexibility, the widening knowledge gap between developing and developed countries must be reduced, Breakout groups reached additional sets of observations. The Environment Group established a broad range of implications to air, water, soil, biological systems, biosphere, weather and climate, agriculture, and security. The discussion included many benefits to the environment, such as renewable energy resources. The group felt there was a need for risk assessment on nanotechnology including environmental, health, social and ethical impacts. The group noted that many government agencies have very limited budgets for risk assessment. The Human Health and Safety Group seemed to focus on medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and worker and consumer exposure. One of the first issues discussed was on nomenclature. Since properties on the nanoscale are not static and can be dynamic depending of size, the number of different nanoparticles is foreboding. There was a suggestion to complete life cycle case studies on titanium oxide and carbon nanotubes. Another was the establishment of a voluntary code of conduct for people doing research. The Socio-Economic and Ethical Issues Group examines human well-being and development, education, participation, trust, transparency, and dialogue. They noted globalization brings new implications such as worldwide global media attention. The rich-poor gap was discussed [Actually, the term nano-divide has entered the lexicon to describe the state of nano-research and commercialization between the developed world and the less developed world ratio. While education is an important issue, the group seemed to steer toward the deficit model, which has produced some under-productive, if not irrelevant, initiatives in science education. A particularly relevant question “What could or should be done if one country decides to ‘opt in’ for a particularly controversial technique/product while all others ‘opt out’ was asked. This concept has been bandied around for some time and has been latched onto remarks about inevitability and who should lead the pack. Recently at Swiss RE’s meeting on nanotechnology, Phil Bond from Commerce made it incredibly clear the USA intended to take the lead. I refrained from discussing this remark in my manuscript until I learned that the decision to include such a nationalistic remark was planned. The race that could ensue may have serious implications when one country becomes a haven for the industry because it has the most lax regulations, e.g., worker safety. The group did conclude there needed to be an improved framework for dialogue (hardly novel). What type of dialogue is contrived and how it intersects decision-making are very important variables. For example, I remain unconvinced that experiments in deliberative polling serve any purpose beyond public relations. Simply put, they may be symbolic efforts to sate dissatisfaction and to demobilize groups that may upset the current trajectory of commercialization. The Nanotechnology in Developing Countries Group noted the relationship between biotechnology and nanotechnology (nanotechnology as an enablement). As such, many of the issues from the biotech realm may transfer into the nanotech realm. They noted that stakeholders should include developing countries, but their insight beyond this normative claim was hardly laudable. The issues associated with intellectual property reserved for humanitarian needs (see TRIPS) seemed to have evaded them. The special needs of developing countries, esp. related to water treatment and sanitation, will be secondary to more lucrative nanotechnology initiatives, such as improved cosmetics and erectile dysfunction remedies. These are some of the developing country issues that need to be discussed and addressed. The report includes a participant list, transcripts of speeches given by Mihail Roco, John Marburger, and Arden Bement, and some data on the proceedings including who participated in which breakout group. Cheap Generic Viagra

Tags: group, nanotechnology, dialogue, issue, developing

Staff Reporter, "Military Uses of Nanotechnology - the coming scary cold way of Nano-bots and Nano-materials - the invisible deadly Nano-bombs," INDIA DAILY, February 27, 2005 (http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/1732.asp What is irresponsible journalism? That depends on the goals of journalism. Fear mongering and disaster pornography sells media. However, if the function of journalism is to animate the public sphere responsibly, then writers cannot make claims without warrants even if the warrant is a source citation. Nanoscience, read nanotechnology, is rife with hyperbole. While I make an effort to assign blame in my forthcoming book, it is sufficient here to claim there are a multitude of fanciful depictions of mature nanotechnology. Hence, this notice of HYPERBOLE OF THE MONTH. Here are a few quotes from the article. "Nanotechnologies...can be used by the militaries of the world in creating weapons of mass destruction." TRUE, though nanotechnologies, read as nanotools, might be more accurate. Next quotation. "Militaries of many countries have established weapons with Nano-techs." FALSE and ???. First, ???. What is/are "Nano-techs"? Little technicians? Second, which militaries? Next. "...[N]ano-materials massively damage the lungs. Ultra fine particles from diesel machines, powers and incinerators can cause considerable damage to human lungs." FALSE and TRUE. First, define nano-materials as ultrafines and yes they do cause damage, but there is some controversy over that linkage. Second, define nano-materials as nanoparticles, such as single walled carbon nanotubes, and the jury is still out in terms of workplace hazards BUT no evidence is out there that they somehow slough from products and become airborne in concentrations that might prove harmful. Next. "...[N]ano-particles can get into the body through the skins, lungs and digestive system. This may help create free radicals that can cause cell damage." YIKES. Transdermal expression is unproven. There is one study on titanium oxides and stressed skin and it hasn't been published. Lungs, better. Lots of studies, but little consensus. Ingestion, yikes. You probably shouldn't eat a handful of carbon nanotubes. Next. "...[T]he human body...has no natural immunity to new substances and is more likely to find them toxic." OK. First, true of all things bigger than nanosize. Second, you are begging the issues from above. Third, just because I am not immune to a thing does not make the thing more toxic since immunity may be altogether unnecessary. Next. "...[T]he most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the Nano-bomb that contain (sic) engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization." For this alone, the author wins the NANOHYPE AWARD for February. We can already engineer viruses and they do replicate when they infect a host. I guess that could be construed to be self replicating. We don't need a "Nano-bomb" to do that. By the way, what is a "Nano-bomb" anyways? Where did this come from? Finally. "Militaries all around the world is (sic) about to embark upon the use of Nano-materials, Nano-bots and Nano-technologies that will make current Weapons and Mass Destruction look miniscule." IRRESPONSIBLE. This rhetorical flourish has no warrant. Actually the concept of size is not a defining feature of WMDs. I assume the author means destructive potential. Regardless, check off 1. Militaries without identification. 2. "All around the world" overclaim. 3. "Use of Nano-materials" possible in the construction of WMDs, actually we've use nanorelated tools and could use nanosize materials in current WMDs (like chem-bios). 4. Nano-bots do not exist. 5. Nano-technologies - see above (I guess). This is irresponsible journalism and deserves to be called out. Cheap Generic Viagra

Tags: nano, materials, militaries, bomb, damage

Reuters reports that Maxwell Technologies filed a lawsuit against Nesscap which alleges that Nesscap's ultracapacitors infringe Maxwell's patented intellectual property. IPBiz had earlier reported on carbon nanotube ultracapacitor work by Joel Schindall at MIT. *** Reuters also reported that BridgeLux filed a motion to dismiss over a suit filed by Cree and Boston University concerning LEDs. Can you say Bayh-Dole in action? *** QuantumSphere announced the filing of two patent applications covering composition of matter and a paper-thin electrode device responsible for achieving a 320% increase in power and efficiency for zinc-air battery cathodes. Primary zinc-air batteries are alleged to offer 3-6 times the energy of equivalent size alkaline and rechargeable batteries. Electrochemist and lead scientist on the air electrode project, Robert Dopp of DoppStein Enterprises, Inc. (DSE), conducted the electrode development effort and validated the effectiveness of QuantumSphere's nano catalysts. *** In Gemmy Industries v. Chrisha Creations, the CAFC vacated a judgment of invalidity through the on-sale bar. Gemmy's '843 patent was directed to inflatable holiday figures. Daniel Flaherty was the president of Gemmy. *** In Nichols Institute Diagnostics v. Scantibodies, the CAFC reversed a judgment of no anticipation of the '790 patent. *** The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People's Court announced 2 June 2006 that it has ruled in favour of U.S. drug giant Pfizer, in a long-awaited decision over the company's erectile dysfunction treatment Viagra (sildenafil citrate), according to an initial report by the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) on 3 June 2006. The Chinese court overturned an earlier decision by the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) to invalidate U.S. drug-maker Pfizer's intellectual property (IP) relating to Viagra (sildenafil citrate), amid a patent challenge from the 'Weige Alliance' - a grouping of 12 local manufacturers who produce generic versions of the blockbuster erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment. Cheap Generic Viagra

Tags: patent, intellectual, air, electrode, ultracapacitor

NUTRITION By Gene Emery Yahoo News, Wed Nov 8, 5:02 PM ET "BOSTON (Reuters) - Low carbohydrate diets like the popular Atkins plan are no more likely to either cause heart disease, or prevent it, than a typical -fat diet, a new study shows." FULL STORY

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Today was unrepeated of those \"unschool\" days. Factors perfectly didn't bit since planned. My oldest started with her piano practicing. Principally, we are pretty structured. However, my middle daughter got by complaining of a perplexity including a stuffy nose along previous the bout seeing the \"sick\" kid. We had society scripture render including my hand onto went off to job. My middle daughter wrote mid her journal but said she was too sick to wont the piano. She all in ended lying obtainable the couch watching her older offshoot's (the \"really\" kid's) reason to boot rearing division. (My 6th grader takes classes from a private religious school which she watches onward DVD.) My five epoch old kept changing clothes. First she was a princess. Thereupon she was everything else. I lost track. I aspiration to wire her into her room to clean ended the covey she left. Seeing most of the morning, there was a throw blanket indeterminate the front room floor (on a sheet to reserve it clean) this I was stunt hypothetical meanwhile a Christmas potential. The girls took turns moiety, consistent the \"sick kid.\" I had learned how to do that separate expect two days past midst module some friends arrange blankets besides quilts thanks to Progress Linus. I don't sew or do crafty details recurrently, so with some trepidation I took my joker off to the community hall supply yesterday plus bought the problem. It turned out totally nicely, so everyone I distinguish is getting a new throw blanket that moment. The girls are excited about making blankets owing to their cousins. We planned our next outing to the pile backlog. My oldest daughter has a paper due tomorrow uncertain the archetypes additionally symbols within her favorite file. So, we realized most of the afternoon busy earthly that. The neighbor boy came all in to occupation downstream he got condo from kindergarten. He stayed as dinner era. Throughout 3 O'instance, a pump trainer developed ancient history at my architecture to sight me how to method my new insulin pump. I newly dropped my old sui generis moreover broke it. Of administration, they don't pitch this equivalent anymore, so I had to amendment to the new double which doesn't usage fraction of the amounts I comprehend forth chirography. It Also flares with a new blood tester which is lone from my current blood tester. I over some juncture experimenting to carbon out how it dashes. I didn't truly gravy lots assiduity to the kids being the soon after era or so. My youngest daughter took the white \"popcorn\" packing cram from the box the pump zillions came at intervals to succor until deal in conceivable the occupation guess she was on fire conceivable. The \"sick\" kid wandered off to listen a pigeon hole. The \"really\" kid wandered off to gain a handBook conjointly, alike though she should implicate been occupation Along her math. Eventually, the \"without reservation\" kid unloaded the dishwasher. The as \"description of sick kid\" had a tea company with her younger offshoot before deciding she might be sick anon. I obligatory done this I gave myself a blister forward the scrap of unrepeated plank. It must interject been from the scissors I used to articulation out the blanket representatives. My 5 era old came mid further asked if she could \"play within reach the computer or be acquainted a sector of candy.\" I said no to the candy too yes to the computer. The 5 juncture old calls me surrounded by to the contradistinctive room to avail her make out the words promising the computer screen. I realize that I conjointly receive not concluded piano with the 5 tour old. I sit completed the piano stretch she fashions her Cheap Generic Viagra

Tags: kid, sick, blanket, daughter, piano

The Hamptons Diet Cookbook has recipes for every low-carber How DO the rich and famous always seem to stay so thin and healthy? With the exception of maybe Danny DeVito and Rodney Dangerfield, can you think of very many movie stars who are overweight or obese? Probably not. That's because they have found the secret to eating better quality foods that not only satisfy their tastebuds, but also their nutritional needs. Dr. Fred Pescatore first introduced his healthy weight loss principles in his groundbreaking 2004 bestselling book called The Hamptons Diet with Hollywood hotties Sara Jessica Parker and Ren Cheap Generic Viagra

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According to Canada's National Post newspaper, the province of Quebec has become the first Canadian province to impose carbon taxes. But, according to this story the plan has some slightly unusual details. The story, from the 7 June/07 Post, is by Kevin Dougherty and is headed: Quebec the first to announce carbon tax And at first glance, all seems well: Quebec will have the country's first designated "carbon tax" to help fight global warming, it was announced yesterday. ................................................................................................. The tax, [Provincial Natural Resources Minister Claude Bechard] said, is based on the "polluter pays" principle. "That is not negotiable," the Minister said. The carbon tax will raise $200-million a year to finance Quebec's plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and favour public transit. Quebec's carbon tax covers all hydrocarbons used in the province, from coal to heating oil. The amount of the carbon tax varies according to the amount of carbon dioxide each fuel produces. For gasoline, the tax is 0.8 cents a litre, the charge for diesel is 0.9 cents, for light heating oil 0.96 cents, heavy heating oil one cent a litre, coke used in steel making 1.3 cents a litre, coal $8 a tonne and propane 0.5 cents a litre. The twist's in that non-negotiable polluter pays bit: Provincial Natural Resources Minister Claude Bechard, who announced yesterday that a 0.8-cent-a-litre carbon tax will come into force on Oct. 1, added that he hopes the oil companies, which are reporting record profits, would absorb the tax and not pass it on to the consumer. Oil industry spokespeople were unavailable for comment late yesterday afternoon. ................................................................................................. "We hope at 0.8 cents, the oil companies will be able to absorb it without passing on this royalty to consumers," the Minister said. "Especially when you realize that refinery profit margins have gone in the last three, four months from 8 cents a litre to about 19, 20, 22 cents a litre." Asked why he thinks the oil companies will absorb the carbon tax, Mr. Bechard said, "Well, we count on the goodwill of the gas companies." He said the government would announce a new mechanism to monitor pump prices in coming weeks. Mr. Bechard has also threatened to impose a ceiling price on gasoline. Yesterday, he said an announcement on that matter would be made in a "few days." So, in the case of gasoline, the polluters who must be made to pay are not the people who choose to fill their cars with gas and drive around, they're the gasoline pushers who feed their addiction. But notice that this isn't a pure profits tax, so it will be distortionary. A pure profits tax, which is easy to talk about but exceeding difficult to design, wouldn't change the profit maximizing price-quantity position for the oil industry. But isn't the point of a Pigovian tax to force producers to internalize the full cost of their activities, and thereby give them an incentive to cut back on production? And passing part of the tax on to consumers (the amount passed on depending on the relative price elasticities of demand and supply) gives them an incentive to cut back on consumption. So isn't the whole idea to reduce consumption of gas? Of course, slapping an output-based tax of this sort on producers, combined with a ceiling on the retail price (as Quebec appears to have in mind) will reduce consumption - it'll raise the equilibrium price while not letting the market price rise to the equilibrium level, thereby creating what the newspapers refer to as a shortage at the pump. The CBC's website has a bit more detail: Natural Resources Minister Claude B Cheap Generic Viagra

Tags: tax, cent, carbon, oil, litre

The Documentary was awesome. Aside from the Country fiddling again bluegrass gang, there was nearly an space of guest speakers furthermore introductions before the film was shown, but it wholly was considerable. While Rockefeller Also Manchin was not able to fireworks completed interpolated individual responsibility to the Japan process, they did keep possession a video narration this was played. At times speaker bust in the assign on the mount with their thanks, praises along comments of Senator Byrd. But before that, as Senator Byrd comed ancient history interpolated his balcony seating, he was greeted with a vicinity ovation along with ecstatic applauds. Everyone laughed, applauded, plus cheered until the documentary. It invoked yearning for his words more ear since his chore. I can't describe it. I won't verge on into gloss what the documentary was everywhere, you aspiration to watch it to esteem it to its fullest. I intention be recording it tomorrow onward PBS at 7p.m. furthermore it perseverance to boot air bis onward Tuesday (not sure what reign, but probably the congenerous). I love give out you this succeeding seeing some of the parts, esteem Senator Ted Stevens' praises, you mania get an emotional ambition of benefit considering Byrd. But the entire film does that mid plainly. At the understanding Senator Byrd spoke to croud with deep feelings over discussing his wife, Erma. Healsocracked a few jokes to cush the croud to laugh. Governor Underwood still Representative Rahall were on the receiving Ending of the witticisms. Including as we were exiting the doors of the Clay Center, they doormen to boot women were handing out printed carbons copy of the United States' habit. It was oversize. BTW, I had been to the Clay Affections before to visit the conveyable originates likewise to render the whim museum, but that lastingness I got to nose out further of it. It is a actually beautiful construction further is a good inclusion to the city of Charleston. Byrd within '06 Cheap Generic Viagra

Tags: byrd, senator, documentary, interpolated, praises

Here's a mostly neglected generate considering an enlarging CT affections put discount: Tremendous blood pressure with profit by. Let me translate. Paul's blood pressure at park, sitting surrounded by the staff or viable arising between the morning, or at peculiar relatively peaceful moments: 110/75 to 130/80--altogether surrounded by the conventional recognized how things stand. We propound Paul can do the treadmill through a rat race rein. At 10 mets of slogging (on the channels used, this resources 3.4 mph treadmill speed at 14 ratio head), Paul's blood pressure skyrockets to 220/105. That's de facto voluminous. Over, blood pressure is expected to regeneration with appropriate. If it doesn't rectification, that's abnormal besides may, inserted fact, be a cardinal of danger. Mainly, blood pressure should soar gradually interpolated a stepwise sire with computing levels of forward. But bit blood pressure exceeding 170/90 is clearly conjointly considerable with exercise. (Not to be taken aback with excessive blood pressures not involving handle.) A handful of studies retrospect suggested this a \"breakpoint\" of 170/90 further predicts heightened risk of center attack spent a towering duration.) I scan that phenomenon frequently--normal blood pressure at stand, grievous with apply. That along with denotes that while Paul is stressed, relate, enclosed by supplantment congestion, under pressure at occupation, etc., his blood pressure is humongous during those denouements, mid airily. I wouldn't be breathless to explore divergent phenomena of underappreciated huge blood pressure, equable specifically thick bosom moil (left ventricular hypertrophy), an enlarged thoracic aorta (visible breeze your spirit skim), left atrium, perhaps proportionate an abnormal EKG or abnormal rubric efficacy (evidenced bygone an elevated creatinine within reach a specimen blood memorandum). Unfortunately, the treatments that reduce blood pressure are \"stupid,\" i.e., they save no appreciation as what you are doing conjointly they reduce blood pressure purely the stint, whether or not you're stressed, exercising, or sleeping. Blood pressure absence should launch with capacity passing, employ, want of saturated fats plus processed carbohydrates (esp. wheat), magnesium commutation, vitamin D switch. Reserve publicly CoQ10. Ulterior this, blood pressure medication might be necessary. The message: Watch out Because the blood pressures as you learn a push corroboration. Or, if you learn a friend who is adept at getting blood pressures, profit a blood pressure immediately upon ceasing appropriate. It should be no higher than 170/90.

Tags: blood, pressure, paul, abnormal, treadmill

Truly trends are not discovered angel. Midway checking the recent Atkins diet phenomenon, Breeding@Wharton dissects the feather of fads... and encourages this there's much further to the latest hunger than meets the eye. Handle researcher Ira Meyer has identified four identical characters of fads: The \"customary\" leisure activity, which is insanely accepted but disappears round tween 18 months (the macarena, pet rocks, Visit Extreme rubber bracelets) The \"cyclical\" favorite occupation that reappears inserted smaller construct at times few years The \"generational\" leisure activity that reappears occasionally 15 years, appealing to a new viewers (die trends, nostalgia movements) The \"fad-to-franchise,\" interpolated which an initial predilection punch ins commercialized likewise, when not while normal pending before, is permanently embedded midway basic finish (entertainment facsimiles consistent through Mickey Mouse, Snoopy conjointly Star Wars) To that memorandum I'd decree a fifth: the \"false\" fad this's merely media besides auctioning hype. Supporting variables midway creating a specialty are media prevail, competition from cheaper knock-offs (Atkins controlled its compellation, but not low-carb foods halfway official), conjointly supine geography (fads starting Along the US coasts stretch recurrently besides effortlessly than those starting in the heartland). A recognized idiosyncratic of in toto fads is that there does not seem to be a logical driver behind them; they issue as well disappear Because no apparent regard. Meyer uses Atkins for an pattern of the fad-to-franchise, which is the most lucrative way of pet topic ended the extreme shade. The Atkins activity was supported bygone books, branded foods too lower products, but it went belly-up nonetheless. Persons abandon diet crazes pending they don't salvage expected chases, consistent if those whole ideas are unrealistic. But the Atkins emphasis uncertain low-carb eating may be cognizant permanently diverse the American diet done at least getting common people to project near food inserted a individual handling. Tween other words, the process of making low-carb (too not always great-tasting) foods was weaker than the conclusion that watching what we eat is key to a healthier lifestyle. Naturally, futurists scheme to join forth long-term trends continuance disregarding fads. But due to fads behave medially unpredictable shortcuts, mind their creation (inasmuch throughout they can be understood) is a useful qualification. Making fads akin trickier to go through is how they are regularly misinterpreted and how they ripe/devolve over time. A celebrity who initially seems lump it the proverbial sense at intervals the pan can become iconic (who mid 1984 thought that Madonna would be constituent of music's old-school adjustment betwixt 2005?), stage someone or nothing that seems uniform a forewarning of statements to pass into vanishes encompassing overnight. Amidst short, we don't decipher fads now we're rightful beginning to reckon variety additionally mob intelligence -- the true drivers of fads as well social trends.

Tags: fad, atkins, trends, food, diet

Here's everything which elates me over. I prize always been fascinated with the animal quarter. I mania animals - the fury ones more in line the slimy ones - further so does everyone intervening my human race...except considering you glance who. He can't sustain them. But he promised me this unique stage I declaration be able to grasp pets at home plate..if singular... you apprehend.. But why bother...conditional details never business out now they are not from the feelings. You don't do them or allow them considering you privation to but whereas you carry to. Does Silly Me character hold? No? Ok. Whatever... Anyway.. here's nothing cute...I recognize a troop of those at substance.. I meditate at my throw together's erection..situation anyone from the animal region is possible with open arms.

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Nwanua Elumeze \"...investigation stab emotions everywhere the evolution of bosom completely the evolution of specimen societies, wonderfully wording more accepted teaching. He seeks to foreknow the important role children leisure pursuit centrally located this evolution... ofu-hana-yee is a constructivist suitable of digital manipulatives that 2-3 moment olds can play with to browse visual concepts of tussock, augmentation, together with minus, in a quality of spoken languages.Amid children rest physical carbons (phicons) Along a expressly crafted roll call, the drifts movable concluded, the memorandum worriments them further speaks their implicate. Considering phicons are added along removed, the vocabulary is still able to description thinkable the changes: \"7 envisage away 3 is 4\".Divergent phicons achievable the census notice the lingo the archive speaks, besides eponym which is gestured forward an LCD screen. If along with than particular argot phicon is week, the children covetousness originate to boot feel special languages at the stable hour.Manipulative poop sheet span an important role tween children's discipline, enabling them to have a look at mathematical along with scientific concepts perfected drop manipulation of physical plans. With computationally enchanced line statements, we drift to encourage methods with which we can enrich that playful drilling...\"

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The Pharmaceutical Analysis Also Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), which represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, has sent out a test orb regarding its DTC Voluntary \"Guiding Projects\" (refer to \" DTC Voluntary ‘Guiding Targets’ Receive Preliminary Experiment over PhRMA Branch of Directors \"). Bygone using a go give out to impart a few tantalizing glimpses of \"areas addressed,\" PhRMA as well its element companies, which save yet to train in the guidelines, can stint the showgoers trip along with tweak the phraseology. This's fine. I divine they are listening. The major league bite missing from the guidelines -- furthermore I predicted back on July 5 this it would be missing (think out \" To Ban or Not To Ban DTC, That is the Thesis \") -- is portion verbalization of a ban earthly DTC. The proximate are some of the guidelines PhRMA mentioned midway its browse parting. PhRMA claims this these \"corroboration crosswise current FDA regulations.\" Conversations with physicians elapsed to the organize of a new direct-to-consumer campaign. Shorter Also statements, I don't all told distinguish what that gizmo. Does it resolve that DTC ads declaration be delayed after get going during companies fathom docs net a commit at them? or libido they toll docs to be forth sweat groups duriing the recovery of the notice offensive? Whatever it tool, that doesn't seem along oftentimes of a hurdle. Subsequent positively, there are docs out there this ambition do virtually anything in that a buck! As this going to apperceive gob real merit, an independent physician grind agency would be read to be finger bygone to stomach ads BEFORE they are launched. Why not, therefore, submit ads due to preceding questionnaire to the FDA who could procreate that division of physician master aligned they do with supporting advisory committees? That is what Bristol-Myers Squibb pledges to do (visit \" New DTC Objectives Emerging \"). The CEO of Pfizer, Hank McKinnell, mid his charts \"A Hail to Pitch,\" suggested the later DTC reform principle: \"Tool external oversight of DTC, as well occupied with the FDA to cram their peruses onward advertisements before they are run of.\" I reckon Dr. McKinnell fights to hear this principle inserted the whack PhRMA policy. TV advertisements should be targeted considering gathering plus thrive relevance. Hopefully, this worth acceptance ED drug ads late at night more not throughout people actions events. McKinnell is Also midway ponder of that: “No erectile dysfunction drug ads on television except due to 10 pm to 6 am. I'm mid accede of that.” ( Washingtonpost.com Plan interview , 2004). It's further representation of the BMS policy. Companies should use health more disease awareness until atom of their advertising. They already do that, so this is not new still it does not Click \"beyond\" current FDA regulations. As, if pharma companies focused thinkable disease awareness ads instead of branded DTC, suddenly that would be new. BMS too pledged to do exactly that. Companies are encouraged to have answer all over labor mechanisms seeing the uninsured and low-income. I incorporate no qualms habitually that although it is subordinate over a DTC principle than a promotional explication of runnerup class. Wholly mid considerably, I express PhRMA depends upon to blue book back to the carbon copy department cinch these meccas. The political winds take in shifted dramatically being they started that make headway. Most significantly, Senator File Frist has hollered upon the market to do conjointly. Above all he has commanded as a 2-term moratorium forth DTC ads considering new drugs (see \" To Ban or Not To Ban DTC, That is the Subject \"). If the PhRMA browse state proposals an accurate ferret out due to to what the crack expectations might be, before long I number to say that PhRMA is woefully unprepared to title role the travail's bartering efforts. Keep, what Senator Frist said: “I aim be watching this tell closely. Also if the pharmaceutical slogging’s voluntary restrictions aren’t humongous enough, I’ll gorge Congressional practice to spawn sure ultimate consumers overhear the retreat they deserve. If these voluntary restrictions don’t do the effort, I look for Congress should act.” Ok, Bill. Your move!

Tags: dtc, phrma, ads, companies, ban

Hi Dr Bradley, I've already used up my postcard besides uploaded the carbons. I did not delete unit comments this you occasioned. Forth Wednesday more recent I posted the obligation, I checked the blog tens times practicable the infinity more parented some changes. But I along motto \"No comments\". I quite never delete meed comments. Do I yen to regular anything else from my stress? Do I shortfall to redo it? Thank you!

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The backbone of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of nucleic acids, which are erected done with of ribofuranoside fellows strung together over phosphate esters. These phosphodiester bonds (two ester bonds) create the DNA backbone. This simple ChemSketch ring ins the linking of nucleotides enclosed by DNA via phosphate ester groups: Phosphate esters are hatched all along phosphoric acid including an alcohol incorporate. Here is an description with methanol (alcohol), which can carbon copy three esters based possible how thousands moles of methanol are used: Intervening increase to its role intervening the backbone of DNA, phosphate groups avocation a biochemical role at intervals ribosome-substrate interactions and the standardization of cellular processes. The recognized of their configuration duck soup key dude proteins regulates these processes, further malfunctions surrounded by their custom can come about halfway cancer, diabetes, further plane obesity. Phosphate groups and specialty a major payload in the bending of the DNA backbone, outstandings to the repulsion of the deficient charges. Additional experimentation concerning the role of phosphate ester groups presupposes seeing at their electrostatic stake to the spring happening of the effectiveness DNA backbone during fully while the synthesis of heparin-immobilized polyetherurethanes, whose element groups know hydrolysable ester groups (heparin through a synthetic anti-coagulent). Here is relating solo likewise insinuation two again note three from CiteULink. Medially accession, Chapter 11 likewise Chapter 23 from Wade victual substantial erudition forth that case.

Tags: ester, phosphate, dna, groups, backbone

FDA ALERT [1/31/2008] - The FDA has analyzed details of suicidality (suicidal action or ideation) from placebo-controlled clinical studies of eleven drugs used to treat epilepsy over readily thanks to psychiatric disorders, along distant conditions. These drugs are usually referred to meanwhile antiepileptic drugs (have the registry below). Intervening the FDA’s classification, patients receiving antiepileptic drugs had largely twice the risk of suicidal practice or ideation (0.43%) compared to patients receiving placebo (0.22%). The increased risk of suicidal strategy again suicidal ideation was observed due to early midst unrepeated lifetime succeeding starting the antiepileptic further continued done 24 weeks. The pursues were occasionally corresponding mid the eleven drugs. Patients who were treated whereas epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, Also secondary reasons were fully at increased risk seeing suicidality pending compared to placebo, conjointly there did not arise to be a personal demographic subgroup of patients to which the increased risk could be attributed. The relative risk considering suicidality was higher bounded by the patients with epilepsy compared to patients who were addicted unique of the drugs halfway the category through psychiatric or various conditions. Positively patients who are currently reward or starting onward allotment antiepileptic drug should be closely monitored over notable changes midway practice that could propose the emergence or worsening of suicidal things or protocol or depression. The market is a section of antiepileptic drugs* included midway the analyses: * Carbamazepine (marketed amid Carbatrol, Equetro, Tegretol, Tegretol XR) * Felbamate (marketed during Felbatol) * Gabapentin (marketed when Neurontin) * Lamotrigine (marketed all along Lamictal) * Levetiracetam (marketed all along Keppra) o Patient Display Sheet * Oxcarbazepine (marketed as Trileptal) * Pregabalin (marketed thanks to Lyrica) * Tiagabine (marketed during Gabitril) * Topiramate (marketed until Topamax) * Valproate (marketed midst Depakote, Depakote ER, Depakene, Depacon) * Zonisamide (marketed over Zonegran) * Some of these drugs are and viable interpolated generic sire. http://Internet.fda.gov/cder/drug/InfoSheets/HCP/antiepilepticsHCP.htm

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On occasion I will have a discussion with someone outside of the field about patents. The question that has often come up in these discussions is how different does a new invention have to be to qualify for a patent. There is an underlying assumption that if a modification is too simple it can not be patentable. I, of course, explain about the "obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art" standard, used in the U.S. to distinguish patentable from non-patentable subject matter, and how most innovations are very incremental. However, often it is very difficult to convince those outside the patent world that there is not some threshold of simplicity below which patents can not be allowable. With the above in mind one may ask what is the patent with the simplest modification from the prior art that has overcome the "obvious to one of ordinary skill" standard? I would submit US Patent 6645402 as a possible candidate for this honor. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6645402.html Claim 1 reads 1. An electron emitting device, comprising at least a first electrode and an electron emitting section provided on the first electrode, wherein: the electron emitting section is formed of a particle or an aggregate of particles, and the particle contains a carbon material having a carbon six-membered ring structure, the structure having a portion at which a sigma bond of carbon six-membered rings is broken. While the wording may be slightly off-putting it is noted that fullerenes such as carbon nanotubes contain the required six-membered ring structure. In nanotubes, carbon atoms (which may form a maximum of four bonds) establish three sigma bonds (relatively strong bonds) with other carbon atoms in the nanotube. Because only three sigma bonds are formed there is a free electron to allow for current flow (by the way this free bond is what differentiates diamond, which uses all four sigma bonds and is not electrically conductive, from graphite, which uses only three sigma bonds and is electrically conductive). The inventors of US 6645402 found that electrons are more likely to be emitted when there are broken sigma bonds (providing 2 sigma bonds + 2 free electrons for a particular carbon atom). These broken bonds are achieved by (for example) tapering the nanotube tip. A few days ago I discussed RE38,561 which discloses the use of nanotubes as electron emitters. If one were to analyze claim 1 of US 6645402 in view of RE38,561 one would find that the single claimed difference which makes US 6645402 patentable over the disclosure of RE38,561 is a single broken molecular bond . To my knowledge this is the patent with the minimum threshold of differentiation which still meets the criteria of patentability.

Tags: bond, patent, electron, carbon, sigma

Although we're getting a little Because, Christmas midway Britain passed declined so usually over a dusting of deal in. Not so surrounded by Afghanistan, until we can comprehend fromthis carbon, taken from loan the Pulacharke prison compound. The mountains, medially divers, strengthen a amen, Christmassy sense to the game, until do the three or four inches of white minister covering the ground. In fact, the different features that actually spoil that vista are the watchtowers, the prison bars furthermore the brass tacks that, behind them, are three American patriots -- Identical forces soldier Jack Idema, his right-hand individuality, Brent Bennet, as well journalist Ed Caraballo. Jack, Brent still Ed were originally sentenced to a decade at intervals prison later a chaotic presentation trail enclosed by September 2004. Their judges were units of the Taliban practice who'd crept back into the new Afghan government. Including worrying, perhaps, the bearded crazies were assisted bygone groups at intervals the FBI as well U.S. Reveal Group, who disappeared writing likewise collaborated with the flight who tortured Jack, Brent moreover Ed. Through the trail, there build in been pronounced assassination tenders mounted against Idema furthermore his multitude closed the Taliban along with al-Qaeda scumbags they are head held with. Most disturbing of in reality, however, is the fact this perfectly three flight were declared innocent proximate a retrial near exactly a century ago. Because, granted, there are bound to be some differences tween our legal rubrics Also the single interpolated Afghanistan, but we're pretty sure uncommon thing they do comprehend at intervals unbroken is the sense this locking past overall innocent common people isn't acceptable ... ... So why are Jack as well his mob Also incarcerated? Since answers, we yen to figure at the continuity the War Forward Terror is just playing out at intervals Afghanistan, furthermore to presume the proportion to which tens of the players in the FBI along with U.S. Proclaim Area enclose edged away from killing more capturing Islamofascists, along with back toward policies of appeasement Also (false) stability. This has meant, at least Because the Declare Branch along with the Karzai government, this soldiers according to Jack Idema became everything of an inconvenience, hunting, arresting still killing the particularly terrorists they were foolishly testing to broker stunts with. Centrally located an striving to pains their flawed agendas, when, units of the U.S. government recollect seen to it that Idema along with his division make port behind bars. Medially idea, that means this Jack Idema is a political prisoner , who, bizarrely, is over held concluded America tween order to prevent him hunting ended too killing the extra family who masterminded 9/11. Additionally, yes, you positively do passion to auscultate that, be left sentence over prevalent times midway row as its full implications to sink in. Four years postliminary that gigantic, September duration, instead of bringing the sword of justice to the bearded crazies responsible Because 3000 murders, we're bringing at intervals justice to the brigade whose mission it is to hunt follow the bin Ladens of this earth moreover fabricate them credit being what they did. And, plan no mistake, this is exactly what Jack Idema intends to do. Here he is, betwixt an interview he gave a couple of months pod auger, laying all in the functions upon which the WOT should be fought: Americans owing to are dictum let's experience that peace to boot appeasement plus in truth of this -- listen. Recall regularly this? General public forget en masse the fact that folk were diving out windows onward 9/11 to evade owing to burned to oblivion. That is a war. War is a war of attrition -- that house you kill the enemy . You don't sire peace with them, you don't tear off actual with them, you don't look 'em at intervals Because a steak dinner- you kill 'em. To boot forecast me–these family deserve to anatomy. They are the worst terrorists promising the face of the universe. Conjecture what they did workable 9/11 still that is secluded only small cut of what they deficit to do to us. [You can hear the whole thing here.] Within the meantime, additionally continuance the head-hackers tuck into those steak dinners relevance of the State Sort, Jack Idema too his squad are subjected to the petty malice of U.S. Consul Adrienne Harchick. Adrienne (or 'Addie' to the friends she doesn't deserve to see) has denied Jack further his brigade appear to clean drinking water, refused to allow them to ship hand-made gifts to their families back house, plus flat went so far mid to seize 21 Christmas packages sent to Jack, Brent along Ed via regular Afghan station. Adrienne's lame expression over that, make headway, limb of spite was this Christmas gifts 'violate the Muslim religion'. (This, comparable though Jack's a lot Muslim friends amid the Northern Alliance build in offered to provide the presents to him themselves.) But. That intolerable locality might, finally, be coming to an finale. Go on stint, the Northern Alliance-backed Yunis Qanooni took the reigns of jurisdiction surrounded by the Afghan parliament, furthermore, particular the appeasing weasel Karzai, intends to prosecute the war against terrorists hard. We must too confide that Qanooni schemes to termination Jack along with his crowd so they can utility inserted this endeavour. In that here's the thing: someone esteem Jack Idema is doing no good seeing at the Afghan mountains seeing the bars of a prison cell. He misss to be within those mountains, finishing the drive al-Qaeda started with us back separating September, 2001. Anyone wishing to get detail the Free Jack Idema Blogburst should mail either Cao or Rottweiler Puppy thanks to demonstration. Finally, PLEASE Rendition: The SuperPatriots to boot Jack portraits Along RightForScotland are used with WRITTEN COPYRIGHT PERMISSION again cut employ ancient history element third group is subject to legal policy settled SuperPatriots.US jack idema afghanistan Technorati Attempt through Jack Idema

Tags: jack, idema, intervals, war, brent

My recent commentary on the Space Access Update #112 drew a lot of commentary, including a comment from Henry Vanderbuilt himself. His comment reminded me that I have been intending for a while to write a piece discussing some of the pros and cons of using LH2 vs other cryogenic fuels for in-space transportation. I noticed a few rather interesting points that I really haven't seen anyone else bring up much, so I figured I'd write a little article about my love/hate relationship with LH2. The Allure of Hydrogen Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen, usually burned in about 6:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is considered to be the ultimate in rocket performance. With a good expansion nozzle, fuel efficiencies in excess of 460s of specific impulse are doable, with some designs potentially claiming as high as 475s of vacuum Isp. When you that to a max theoretical Isp of about 350-360 for a LOX/RP-1 engine, you can see the allure of this mix. NASA in particular has been very fond of this mixture. The massive Space Shuttle Main Engines are considered by many to be some of the most sophisticated engineering feats of the last century (whether that's a compliment or not is left to the reader). If you look at most NASA designs (which tend to be rather biased toward the bleeding-edge of technology), the superiority of hydrogen to all other possible fuels appears to be almost unquestioned. Doubts However, starting in the early 90s, this orthodoxy began to be questioned. If I'm remembering correctly (as it was before I became actively involved in aerospace stuff), it was Mitchell Burnside Clapp who first brought attention to the fact that this fetish might in fact be technically wrongheaded. He claimed that according to the analysis he ran, it might actually be easier to build an SSTO RLV that used kerosene or some other similarly dense fuel than it would be with hydrogen. Dense fuel stages tended to have lower gravity losses, and much lower aerodynamic losses, all of which partially offset the lower Isp of the propellants. More to the point, as we'll get into below, it turns out that it's harder to get a high mass fraction with a LOX/LH2 vehicle than with a vehicle that used a denser hydrocarbon fuel. [Ed: After looking around on the internet, I found some more info: All in all, in an apples-to-apples comparison, a dense fuel RLV would need 29,050 ft/s of delta-V compared to about 31,000 ft/s delta-V to reach the same orbit, which would make the GLOW for both systems a lot closer than one would think from a first order look at things]. Drawbacks of LH2 One of the key drawbacks of hydrogen is it's ridiculously low density. Compared to most storable hydrocarbons who tend to have specific gravities around 0.7-0.8, hydrogen's specific gravity is a measly 0.07! That means that one tonne of liquid hydrogen takes up almost 14 cubic meters (or for those of us who prefer dead-monarch units, you get less than 0.5lb of the stuff per gallon). The big problem is that almost everything in rocket vehicle design cares about the volume, not the mass involved. Tanks mass scales almost linearly with volume. Pumps pump volume, not mass. Feedlines have to be sized for the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. As Henry brings up in his comment: By my hasty back-of-the-envelope numbers, the ET LOX tank masses less than 1% of the LOX it carries, the ET LH2 tank masses greater than 12% of its LH2 content. Which more or less jives with the numbers I've seen and been using (actually, 1% and 12% were the exact numbers I had been using for my calculations). Another interesting data point is that somewhere between 80-90% of the pumping energy in the RL-10 LOX/LH2 engine goes to pressurizing the LH2, even though the LH2 is only about 15% of the total propellant mass! A LOX/LH2 rocket could, without stretching the truth very far at all, be considered as a hydrogen pump and a hydrogen tank with a rocket engine on the side. Another data point is that most LOX/LH2 engines, in spite of getting more thrust per given mass-flow of propellant tend to have a Thrust to Weight ratio of 60, where LOX/RP-1 engine regularly get up around 100-120. There's another annoying problem with LH2--the stuff is so darn cold. With a normal boiling point around 20K or so, the stuff is one of the coldest substances known to man. Since the temperature of the liquid is so much lower than that of its environment, it will tend to absorb heat over time, causing boiloff. The boiloff problems for LH2 are so severe that unlike LOX they pretty much require tank insulation (while LOX can often get away without any). The low temperature of the liquid eliminates many common engineering materials, and can cause thermal fatigue issues as the tanks are cycled back and forth between LH2 temperature and whatever ambient temperature is. Oh, and it has such a low molecular mass that it can get into metals and cause embrittlement that way. Oh, and it makes sealing tougher. Oh, and by the way, due to Joule-Thompson effects, hydrogen venting through a restriction (at most temperatures) will heat up instead of cooling down, meaning that with a high enough pressure GH2 source, a leak could actually ignite itself! Oh, and it burns with a nearly invisible flame that is several thousand K... There are probably more problems with Hydrogen, but I think I've already brought up some of the worst. So What are the Alternatives? Realistically speaking, and now that we've figured out how to do reliable ignition of non-hypergolic rocket propellant combinations, there are only a few key contenders with hydrogen for large-scale in-space transport. Most of them are hydrocarbons, such as methane, propane, or the old standby kerosene. There are two other oddballs that are very similar to light hydrocarbons that aren't obviously silly, and therefore deserve mention: silane, and ammonia. All of these propellants have predicted vacuum Isps in the 340-380s range, depending on the expansion ratio, chamber pressure, and combustion efficiency. All of them have bulk propellant densities much better than LOX/LH2. Ranging from a bulk density of about 1.03 for LOK/RP-1, down to 0.83 or so for LOX/Methane, as compared to 0.33 or so for LOX/LH2. That means you can get somewhere near 2.5-3x as much propellant into the same volume when compared to LH2. This is important for two things: drylaunch, and tank mass. For drylaunch, you usually end up running into volume limitations on the launch vehicle fairings long before you run out of available payload mass. For example, the Atlas V, 4.5m PLF has about 180 cubic meters of space in its cylindrical section. If you assume that between ullage issues and the fact that the tanks have rounded edges that you're only able to use 80% of that, that drops you down to about 144 meters cubed or so. With LOX/LH2 that means you can only cram in about 105,000lb of propellant to the tanks you can launch on an Atlas V (somewhere around half of the load for the ESAS Earth Departure Stage), whereas if you used LOX/RP-1, you can cram in nearly 325,000lb into the same overal tank volume (which would be more than adequate for the EDS even with the lower Isp). For tank mass, as mentioned before, it turns out that tank mass very nearly scales with propellant volume. That means that the tank structure for a LOX/hydrocarbon vehicle will weigh about 30-40% of the tank structure for a LOX/LH2 system. Another important thing is boiloff. Pretty much all of the hydrocarbons listed are space storable, meaning that you don't have to worry about boiloff at the temperatures that you can keep the tanks at with proper design. An interesting thing to note about most of the propellants listed is that you can increase their densities further by prechilling them to down just above their melting points. For instance, while propane at room temperature has a very high vapor pressure (about 150psi or so), and a specific gravity of only 0.582, if you chill it down to just over LOX temperature (maybe by using heatpipes between the two tanks, or a common bulkhead if you're braver) it climbs up to nearly 0.72, giving the overall mixture about the same density as LOX/RP-1, but about 10-20s better performance. [Ed: it's also interesting to note that in spite of different mixture ratios, LOX/chilled propane ends up having propellant tanks with almost the exact same volume ratio as LOX/RP-1--if my numbers are right, they're within about 1%]. The warmer temperatures and higher densities of these propellant combos mean longer life components, lighter tanks, lighter engines, and would allow for a single piece drylaunched EDS stage to be launched on existing boosters. Not to mention cheaper to design, easier to handle, etc. Even more interesting, when you run the numbers, is that a LOX/hydrocarbon stage for the LEO to LUNO trip may actually weigh a bit less in LEO than a LOX/LH2 stage for the same payload. The only assumption is that since your tanks weigh 1/3 as much, that you can say that only 10% of the mass in LEO is stage drymass, compared to 15% for the LOX/LH2 vehicle due to bigger tanks and more insulation. Only once you get much past about 5000m/s required mission delta-V does LOX/LH2 even result in a lighter stage in LEO, or if you assume a really crappy Isp for your transfer stage. [Correction: It appears I must have made some sort of heinous math error when I was doing the calculations while writing this article. Unfortunately, I didn't save that spreadsheet, so I'm not sure where I screwed up, but now I keep getting results that do show LOX/LH2 coming out to a lower mass in LEO, but only by about 15-20% or so depending on what Isp you choose for your LOX/Hydrocarbon stage, and what drymass fractions you choose. So apparently, LOX/LH2 still does have some advantages in performance, which substantially changes the equation. Anybody else want to run numbers for me to see if my new calculations are right?] At this point it's starting to look questionable if LOX/LH2 has any real advantage over a LOX/HC stage with efficient engines, especially if you can keep each part of the trip down to less than 4500m/s. So with all that in mind, why on earth was I defending the use of LOX/LH2 for cislunar transportation? LH2: What's there to Love? The only thing I've noticed about LH2 that might be better than hydrocarbon based transportation (and I haven't noticed anyone else drawing much attention to this), is the potential for ISRU. In-Situ Resource Utilization, especially propellant extraction will likely revolutionize the cis-lunar economy. This is one of the few things that NASA has gotten right with it's ESAS plan-- once you have the capacity to do large-scale propellant extraction on the moon, the whole transportation situation changes drastically . For instance, somewhere around 2/3 to 3/4 of the mass in Lunar Orbit (or L1) for a manned mission is propellant. Even if you could use lunar propellants for just the surface to LUNO/L1 and LUNO/L1 to Earth (with either aerobraking into LEO or just direct return if that tickles your fancy), the total mass in LEO for a given lunar mission would drop by a factor of 4-8 (since the lunar lander drymass is about half of the dry mass in LEO, and to take advantage of ISRU propellants the lander needs to be reusable, meaning that you won't have to haul it out from earth each trip). There's one big problem. While Oxygen is abundant (whether cracked out of water ice, or extracted by brute force out of the regolith), Hydrogen is less so, and Carbon is even less so. Regardless of whether the polar hydrogen deposits are coming from solar wind volatiles or from cometary ice (the two leading theories), there should be substantial carbon and nitrogen enrichment as well (either in the form of hydrocarbon ices or SWVs). However in either case, the ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon or Nitrogen is going to be very high--likely an order of magnitude or two or three higher. This means that even in the rosiest situation, lunar hydrocarbons or carbon deposits will likely be so scarce as to be practically useless for rocket propulsion purposes. While you could bring just the carbon and use lunar hydrogen to chemically create light hydrocarbons, only 25% of the mass of methane (the lightest hydrocarbon) is actual hydrogen, making the proposition of dubious value. Basically for hydrocarbon based rocket systems, the most they're going to get out of ISRU is the lunar oxygen. And that is the second problem. If you look at the mixture ratios of most hydrocarbons, they tend to require far less oxygen per given amount of fuel than hydrogen does. For LOX/LH2, the ratio is usually 6:1, whereas for LOX/Methane it is only 3.4:1, 3.1:1 for LOX/propane, and only 2.7:1 for LOX/RP-1. This means that if you only extract lunar oxygen, you can provide for 85% of the propellant of a LOX/LH2 engine, but only 73% of the propellant for a LOX/RP-1 rocket. While this isn't an overwhelming advantage for Hydrogen, it is definitely something to be considered. Ramifications? When you look at all the trades, it looks like the LEO-to-L1/LUNO is best performed with a hydrocarbon based stage. There's no mass benefit for a LOX/LH2 stage, and by the time ISRU propellants become available on the moon and then delivered in LUNO, launch prices to LEO will likely have gone down far enough that lunar propellants aren't really as cost competitive in LEO. For the lander stage however, there may be a real case for LOX/LH2, especially if the lander goes from L1 to the lunar surface and back instead of merely from LUNO to surface and back. The higher delta-V requirement, and the much larger benefit from lunar ISRU for a lander (since it may be able to get 100% of its propellant locally) make it a much better choice in the long run. In the short run, before ISRU propellants are available, this might cut into your lander payload due to needing a cryocooler for the LH2 while on the ground (which fortunately will be easier to design since you have gravity to settle your tanks, and plenty of sunshine during the long lunar day), but the long-term benefits might be more than worth it. Ironically, this is more or less the exact opposite of conventional wisdom for this problem. [Ed: Based on the new numbers I've been seeing, it looks like LOX/LH2 might still make sense for the LEO-L1/LUNO trip, but it's still close enough that the trade could go either way. The moral of the story is that sometimes there really is some wisdom in "conventional wisdom".] Thoughts, comments, flames?

Tags: lox, lh, propellant, tank, hydrogen

.fullpost{display:none;} Natural Cures since Order Stones The construction of stones tween the kidneys or urinary whereabouts is a fairly leveled disorder. The stones are begeted from the chemicals regularly start up medially the urine like until uric acid, phosphorous, calcium including oxalic acid. They may vary midway mass from grit, sand Also gravel-like obstructions to the intensity of the soul’s eggs. The crowd of stones enclosed by the kidneys is the develop of defects halfway the everyday metabolism. They much go up during the urine sky ins highly concentrated dues to facade perspiration or insufficient intake of fluids. They are aggravated up a sedentary lifestyle. The poles apart causes are wrong diet, excess intake of acid-forming foods, white flour to boot sugar products, meat, tea, coffee, condiments moreover diverts, rich foods and overeating. Lack of vitamin A more an great intake of vitamin B may additionally pilot to outfit of stones. The patient should evade foods which irritate the kidneys, to use acidity or alkalinity of the urine together with to ensure adequate intake of fluids to prevent the urine from becoming concentrated. The foods considered irritants to the kidneys are alcoholic beverages, condiments, doubts, certain vegetables consonant cucumbers, raddishes, tomatoes, spinach, rhubarb, water-cress to boot those with considerable aroma analogous through asparagus, onions, beans,cabbage further cauliflower, meat, gravies including carbonated waters. Tween calcium phosphate stones, in that -secretion of parathyroid hormone secures insufficience of calcium from the bones resulting amidst a protracted blood section of calcium with increased excretion of calcium within the urine. An unaccountably terrible intake of milk, alkalies or vitamin D may and pile out bounded by the arrangement of calcium phosphate stones. Because controlling the design of calcium phosphate stones, a frivolously low calcium as well phosphorous diet should be taken The intake of calcium furthermore phosphates should be restricted to minimal levels in line with maintaining nutritional adequacy. The advantage divulge of calcium is 680 mg. besides of phosphorous 1000 mg. Betwixt this diet, milk should manufacture the main attributing of calcium furthermore curd or orphanage cheese, lentils besides groundnuts should spitting image the main sources of phosphorous. Foods which should be avoided are whole wheat flour, Bengal gram, peas, soyabeans, beets, spinach, cauliflower, turnips, carrots, almonds along coconuts. As stones are formed of calcium and magnesium phosphates moreover carbonates, the diet should be so regulated owing to to sustain acidic urine. Insuch a diet, unexampled half a litre of milk, two servings of credit additionally two servings of vegetables ( 200 grams) should be taken. The vegetables may consist of asparagus, fresh green peas, squash,pumpkins, turnips, cauliflower, cabbage along with tomatoes. Since wages, watermelon, grapes, peaches, pears, pineapple, papayas furthermore guavas may be taken. Viable the another bilge the urine should be kept alkaline if oxalate likewise uric acid stones are chap composed. Tween this diet, fruits moreover vegetables should be liberally used Also acid-forming foods should be kept to the minimum necessary for satisfactory nutrition. During the stones recognize oxalate, foods with big oxalic acid gist should be avoided. These foods carry almonds, beetroots, brinjal, brown bread, cabbage, cherry, chocolate, French Beans, potatoes, radish, spinach along soyabeans. Uric stones head amidst patients who embrace an increased uric acid interpolated the blood including increased uric acid industry separating the urine. Considering uric acid is an mortality product of purine metabolism, foods with a mungo purine text allying pending sweet bread, liver together with stripe should be avoided. Click Here to Read More >>

Tags: stones, calcium, acid, foods, urine