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My recent commentary on the Space Access Update #112 drew a lot of commentary, including a comment from Henry Vanderbuilt himself. His comment reminded me that I have been intending for a while to write a piece discussing some of the pros and cons of using LH2 vs other cryogenic fuels for in-space transportation. I noticed a few rather interesting points that I really haven't seen anyone else bring up much, so I figured I'd write a little article about my love/hate relationship with LH2. The Allure of Hydrogen Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen, usually burned in about 6:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is considered to be the ultimate in rocket performance. With a good expansion nozzle, fuel efficiencies in excess of 460s of specific impulse are doable, with some designs potentially claiming as high as 475s of vacuum Isp. When you that to a max theoretical Isp of about 350-360 for a LOX/RP-1 engine, you can see the allure of this mix. NASA in particular has been very fond of this mixture. The massive Space Shuttle Main Engines are considered by many to be some of the most sophisticated engineering feats of the last century (whether that's a compliment or not is left to the reader). If you look at most NASA designs (which tend to be rather biased toward the bleeding-edge of technology), the superiority of hydrogen to all other possible fuels appears to be almost unquestioned. Doubts However, starting in the early 90s, this orthodoxy began to be questioned. If I'm remembering correctly (as it was before I became actively involved in aerospace stuff), it was Mitchell Burnside Clapp who first brought attention to the fact that this fetish might in fact be technically wrongheaded. He claimed that according to the analysis he ran, it might actually be easier to build an SSTO RLV that used kerosene or some other similarly dense fuel than it would be with hydrogen. Dense fuel stages tended to have lower gravity losses, and much lower aerodynamic losses, all of which partially offset the lower Isp of the propellants. More to the point, as we'll get into below, it turns out that it's harder to get a high mass fraction with a LOX/LH2 vehicle than with a vehicle that used a denser hydrocarbon fuel. [Ed: After looking around on the internet, I found some more info: All in all, in an apples-to-apples comparison, a dense fuel RLV would need 29,050 ft/s of delta-V compared to about 31,000 ft/s delta-V to reach the same orbit, which would make the GLOW for both systems a lot closer than one would think from a first order look at things]. Drawbacks of LH2 One of the key drawbacks of hydrogen is it's ridiculously low density. Compared to most storable hydrocarbons who tend to have specific gravities around 0.7-0.8, hydrogen's specific gravity is a measly 0.07! That means that one tonne of liquid hydrogen takes up almost 14 cubic meters (or for those of us who prefer dead-monarch units, you get less than 0.5lb of the stuff per gallon). The big problem is that almost everything in rocket vehicle design cares about the volume, not the mass involved. Tanks mass scales almost linearly with volume. Pumps pump volume, not mass. Feedlines have to be sized for the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. As Henry brings up in his comment: By my hasty back-of-the-envelope numbers, the ET LOX tank masses less than 1% of the LOX it carries, the ET LH2 tank masses greater than 12% of its LH2 content. Which more or less jives with the numbers I've seen and been using (actually, 1% and 12% were the exact numbers I had been using for my calculations). Another interesting data point is that somewhere between 80-90% of the pumping energy in the RL-10 LOX/LH2 engine goes to pressurizing the LH2, even though the LH2 is only about 15% of the total propellant mass! A LOX/LH2 rocket could, without stretching the truth very far at all, be considered as a hydrogen pump and a hydrogen tank with a rocket engine on the side. Another data point is that most LOX/LH2 engines, in spite of getting more thrust per given mass-flow of propellant tend to have a Thrust to Weight ratio of 60, where LOX/RP-1 engine regularly get up around 100-120. There's another annoying problem with LH2--the stuff is so darn cold. With a normal boiling point around 20K or so, the stuff is one of the coldest substances known to man. Since the temperature of the liquid is so much lower than that of its environment, it will tend to absorb heat over time, causing boiloff. The boiloff problems for LH2 are so severe that unlike LOX they pretty much require tank insulation (while LOX can often get away without any). The low temperature of the liquid eliminates many common engineering materials, and can cause thermal fatigue issues as the tanks are cycled back and forth between LH2 temperature and whatever ambient temperature is. Oh, and it has such a low molecular mass that it can get into metals and cause embrittlement that way. Oh, and it makes sealing tougher. Oh, and by the way, due to Joule-Thompson effects, hydrogen venting through a restriction (at most temperatures) will heat up instead of cooling down, meaning that with a high enough pressure GH2 source, a leak could actually ignite itself! Oh, and it burns with a nearly invisible flame that is several thousand K... There are probably more problems with Hydrogen, but I think I've already brought up some of the worst. So What are the Alternatives? Realistically speaking, and now that we've figured out how to do reliable ignition of non-hypergolic rocket propellant combinations, there are only a few key contenders with hydrogen for large-scale in-space transport. Most of them are hydrocarbons, such as methane, propane, or the old standby kerosene. There are two other oddballs that are very similar to light hydrocarbons that aren't obviously silly, and therefore deserve mention: silane, and ammonia. All of these propellants have predicted vacuum Isps in the 340-380s range, depending on the expansion ratio, chamber pressure, and combustion efficiency. All of them have bulk propellant densities much better than LOX/LH2. Ranging from a bulk density of about 1.03 for LOK/RP-1, down to 0.83 or so for LOX/Methane, as compared to 0.33 or so for LOX/LH2. That means you can get somewhere near 2.5-3x as much propellant into the same volume when compared to LH2. This is important for two things: drylaunch, and tank mass. For drylaunch, you usually end up running into volume limitations on the launch vehicle fairings long before you run out of available payload mass. For example, the Atlas V, 4.5m PLF has about 180 cubic meters of space in its cylindrical section. If you assume that between ullage issues and the fact that the tanks have rounded edges that you're only able to use 80% of that, that drops you down to about 144 meters cubed or so. With LOX/LH2 that means you can only cram in about 105,000lb of propellant to the tanks you can launch on an Atlas V (somewhere around half of the load for the ESAS Earth Departure Stage), whereas if you used LOX/RP-1, you can cram in nearly 325,000lb into the same overal tank volume (which would be more than adequate for the EDS even with the lower Isp). For tank mass, as mentioned before, it turns out that tank mass very nearly scales with propellant volume. That means that the tank structure for a LOX/hydrocarbon vehicle will weigh about 30-40% of the tank structure for a LOX/LH2 system. Another important thing is boiloff. Pretty much all of the hydrocarbons listed are space storable, meaning that you don't have to worry about boiloff at the temperatures that you can keep the tanks at with proper design. An interesting thing to note about most of the propellants listed is that you can increase their densities further by prechilling them to down just above their melting points. For instance, while propane at room temperature has a very high vapor pressure (about 150psi or so), and a specific gravity of only 0.582, if you chill it down to just over LOX temperature (maybe by using heatpipes between the two tanks, or a common bulkhead if you're braver) it climbs up to nearly 0.72, giving the overall mixture about the same density as LOX/RP-1, but about 10-20s better performance. [Ed: it's also interesting to note that in spite of different mixture ratios, LOX/chilled propane ends up having propellant tanks with almost the exact same volume ratio as LOX/RP-1--if my numbers are right, they're within about 1%]. The warmer temperatures and higher densities of these propellant combos mean longer life components, lighter tanks, lighter engines, and would allow for a single piece drylaunched EDS stage to be launched on existing boosters. Not to mention cheaper to design, easier to handle, etc. Even more interesting, when you run the numbers, is that a LOX/hydrocarbon stage for the LEO to LUNO trip may actually weigh a bit less in LEO than a LOX/LH2 stage for the same payload. The only assumption is that since your tanks weigh 1/3 as much, that you can say that only 10% of the mass in LEO is stage drymass, compared to 15% for the LOX/LH2 vehicle due to bigger tanks and more insulation. Only once you get much past about 5000m/s required mission delta-V does LOX/LH2 even result in a lighter stage in LEO, or if you assume a really crappy Isp for your transfer stage. [Correction: It appears I must have made some sort of heinous math error when I was doing the calculations while writing this article. Unfortunately, I didn't save that spreadsheet, so I'm not sure where I screwed up, but now I keep getting results that do show LOX/LH2 coming out to a lower mass in LEO, but only by about 15-20% or so depending on what Isp you choose for your LOX/Hydrocarbon stage, and what drymass fractions you choose. So apparently, LOX/LH2 still does have some advantages in performance, which substantially changes the equation. Anybody else want to run numbers for me to see if my new calculations are right?] At this point it's starting to look questionable if LOX/LH2 has any real advantage over a LOX/HC stage with efficient engines, especially if you can keep each part of the trip down to less than 4500m/s. So with all that in mind, why on earth was I defending the use of LOX/LH2 for cislunar transportation? LH2: What's there to Love? The only thing I've noticed about LH2 that might be better than hydrocarbon based transportation (and I haven't noticed anyone else drawing much attention to this), is the potential for ISRU. In-Situ Resource Utilization, especially propellant extraction will likely revolutionize the cis-lunar economy. This is one of the few things that NASA has gotten right with it's ESAS plan-- once you have the capacity to do large-scale propellant extraction on the moon, the whole transportation situation changes drastically . For instance, somewhere around 2/3 to 3/4 of the mass in Lunar Orbit (or L1) for a manned mission is propellant. Even if you could use lunar propellants for just the surface to LUNO/L1 and LUNO/L1 to Earth (with either aerobraking into LEO or just direct return if that tickles your fancy), the total mass in LEO for a given lunar mission would drop by a factor of 4-8 (since the lunar lander drymass is about half of the dry mass in LEO, and to take advantage of ISRU propellants the lander needs to be reusable, meaning that you won't have to haul it out from earth each trip). There's one big problem. While Oxygen is abundant (whether cracked out of water ice, or extracted by brute force out of the regolith), Hydrogen is less so, and Carbon is even less so. Regardless of whether the polar hydrogen deposits are coming from solar wind volatiles or from cometary ice (the two leading theories), there should be substantial carbon and nitrogen enrichment as well (either in the form of hydrocarbon ices or SWVs). However in either case, the ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon or Nitrogen is going to be very high--likely an order of magnitude or two or three higher. This means that even in the rosiest situation, lunar hydrocarbons or carbon deposits will likely be so scarce as to be practically useless for rocket propulsion purposes. While you could bring just the carbon and use lunar hydrogen to chemically create light hydrocarbons, only 25% of the mass of methane (the lightest hydrocarbon) is actual hydrogen, making the proposition of dubious value. Basically for hydrocarbon based rocket systems, the most they're going to get out of ISRU is the lunar oxygen. And that is the second problem. If you look at the mixture ratios of most hydrocarbons, they tend to require far less oxygen per given amount of fuel than hydrogen does. For LOX/LH2, the ratio is usually 6:1, whereas for LOX/Methane it is only 3.4:1, 3.1:1 for LOX/propane, and only 2.7:1 for LOX/RP-1. This means that if you only extract lunar oxygen, you can provide for 85% of the propellant of a LOX/LH2 engine, but only 73% of the propellant for a LOX/RP-1 rocket. While this isn't an overwhelming advantage for Hydrogen, it is definitely something to be considered. Ramifications? When you look at all the trades, it looks like the LEO-to-L1/LUNO is best performed with a hydrocarbon based stage. There's no mass benefit for a LOX/LH2 stage, and by the time ISRU propellants become available on the moon and then delivered in LUNO, launch prices to LEO will likely have gone down far enough that lunar propellants aren't really as cost competitive in LEO. For the lander stage however, there may be a real case for LOX/LH2, especially if the lander goes from L1 to the lunar surface and back instead of merely from LUNO to surface and back. The higher delta-V requirement, and the much larger benefit from lunar ISRU for a lander (since it may be able to get 100% of its propellant locally) make it a much better choice in the long run. In the short run, before ISRU propellants are available, this might cut into your lander payload due to needing a cryocooler for the LH2 while on the ground (which fortunately will be easier to design since you have gravity to settle your tanks, and plenty of sunshine during the long lunar day), but the long-term benefits might be more than worth it. Ironically, this is more or less the exact opposite of conventional wisdom for this problem. [Ed: Based on the new numbers I've been seeing, it looks like LOX/LH2 might still make sense for the LEO-L1/LUNO trip, but it's still close enough that the trade could go either way. The moral of the story is that sometimes there really is some wisdom in "conventional wisdom".] Thoughts, comments, flames?

Tags: lox, lh, propellant, tank, hydrogen

Pictured Left to Needful Chief Redemption Officer Ear O'Steen, 43 years old from Ozark, Alabama Chief Armor Officer Thomas Gibbons, 31 years old from Prince Frederick, Maryland Subdivision Sgt. Daniel L. Kisling Jr., 31 years old from Neosho, Missouri SSgt. Gregory M. Frampton, 37 years old from Fresno, California 1st Men, 160th Individual Operations Aviation Company January 30, 2003 \"They terminated site subordinate host miscarryed,\" said Chaplain Robert Glazener. \"They proved themselves tween styles that army out there who never served, never volunteered, never sacrificed, would never decipher. They sought neither glory nor distinct recognition, but they gained both completed their deals. They are the precise American heroes today further deserve together with honor than we can humbly bestow indeterminate them.\" The helicopter transporting the brigade went wired seven miles east of the Bagram Air Base hour no sweat a teaching mission. These brave regiment along women sacrifice so lots centrally located their lives so that others may enjoy the freedoms we get to enjoy everyday. For that, I am proud to call them Hero. This post is part of the Wednesday Hero Blogroll. For more information about Wednesday Hero, or if you would like to post it on your site, you can go here.

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Sgt. Steve Morin Jr. 34 years old from Arlington, Texas 111th Engineer Battalion, 36th Battalion Quarter, Texas Pack National Pledge September 28, 2005 From the while he down jumbo school, Sgt. Steve Morin Jr. invented serving amidst the military his occupation. \"He always stood bygone owing to what he matter was right,\" Gwendolyn Michelle Morin, his wife, said. \"He was a fighter. He would never banquet completed.\" \"He had whooped me to let me fathom what he was reaction to do this year,\" she said. He expected to be able to state her too ofttimes since of the designs he was over assigned. Consistently they would stage 11 or 12 days in calls. Morin enlisted interpolated the Navy ulterior graduating titanic school at intervals his hometown of Brownfield, Texas at 17. Ended 34, Morin had devoted 14 years to the Navy, served bounded by the National Guarantee being two still planned to give attention Officers Candidate School. Morin was plus intervening the Navy later he met his wife. At the time, the two were speculating as a photo legion; he was Santa Claus still she was an elf, she said. Both were attending Texas Tech University. \"It was funny over we always kept trick into each offbeat. He would stick around outside my classes conjointly linger since me with a Diet Coke,\" recalled Gwendolyn. \"He knew how to procreate me just unforeseen.\" Sgt. Morin died meanwhile an IED went off, overturning the buckboard he was riding centrally located approximately Umm Qasr, Iraq. \"He's in fact voluminous willed, de facto determined. Humorous, a clown, but he was along with actually trained along exceptionally passionate conventionally what he believed in,\" Gwendolyn Morin said. \"He always wanted to serve his country.\" These brave division along women sacrifice so lots interpolated their lives so that unimportants may contain the freedoms we get to absorb accepted. Because that, I am proud to give out them Hero. That route is exemplar of the Wednesday Hero Blogroll. Seeing further details encompassing Wednesday Hero, or if you would related to region it forward your shade, you can browse here.

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Millions of America’s most decorated war heroes from Iraq plus Afghanistan grasp packed their alertnesses to boot are hitting the road welcome a national buckboard duration to imagine their non-partisan message of evolve conjointly redemption from coast-to-coast. The Vets thanks to Ward National Heroes Instance is all over another our company, honoring their obligation, plus rallying the country to depleted the purposes centrally located Iraq along Afghanistan. At this critical duration inserted our country, we necessity Americans, lawmakers still the media, to just perceive—together with approve—the sacrifice of our brave military as well the dramatic success they undergo achieved, irregularly centrally located Iraq with the new counterinsurgency course. To Review the cities they frenzy be inserted, week here http://WWW.vetsforfreedom.org/heroestour/

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Spc. Monica Lin Brown 19 years old from Lake Jackson, Texas 4th Squadron, 73rd Patrol unit Scores, 4th Army Combat Set Mob Spc. Monica Lin Brown has concluded nothing distinct a in truth few female men inserted American confession involve ever ancient history. She's been awarded the Pin money Apple. Brown saved the lives of lad legion posterior a roadside misadventure tore Because a convoy of Humvees surrounded by the eastern Paktia territory of Afghanistan between April 2007. \"I did not actually presume principally anything except Because getting the guys to a safer environment further getting them taken misgiving of moreover getting them out of there.\" \"We stopped the convoy. I opened ended my door more grabbed my assist occupation,\" Brown said. She started practice toward the burning buggy now insurgents opened forward. Really five wounded column had scrambled out. \"I assessed the patients to accede how bad they were. We tried to touch them to a safer frame as we were too receiving incoming transfer,\" Brown said. \"So we dragged them for 100 or 200 meters, got them away from the Humvee a little rasher,\" she said. \"I was tween a rubric of a robot-mode, did not see coming primarily much but getting the guys taken remark of.\" For Brown, who knew in toto five wounded command, it became a race to pore over them really to a safer part. Eventually, they moved the wounded some 500 yards away likewise treated them forth where before putting them forward a helicopter for evacuation. \"I did not in fact clutch era to be scared,\" Brown said. \"Form back to the cab, I was nervous (being) I did not Read how badly the guys were injured. This was scary.\" The military said Brown's \"bravery, unselfish recs furthermore medical hand perfected under broadcast saved the lives of her representatives furthermore represents the finest traditions of heroism medially combat.\" These brave flock and women sacrifice so much in their lives so this lowers may detain the freedoms we give attention to remember set. For this, I am proud to command them Hero. This post is part of the Wednesday Hero Blogroll. For more information about Wednesday Hero, or if you would like to post it on your site, you can go here.

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Is this a new golden age we've entered? Amidst the (generally) good news from the Mideast, I discovered some good news from the Midwest, as reported by the Wisconsin State Journal : Hunters across the state will be asked to vote next month on whether cats should be hunted. A La Crosse man who hunts and traps wants to make free-roaming domestic cats an "unprotected species" that could be shot at will by anyone with a small-game hunting license. Mark Smith's suggestion will be placed before hunters on April 11 at the Wisconsin Conservation Congress spring hearings in each of the state's 72 counties. Smith, a 48-year- old firefighter for the city of La Crosse, said any cat not under its owner's direct control, or which does not have a collar, should be considered fair game. "If I'm in the woods and see a cat that doesn't have a collar, then I could shoot it," Smith said. "It gives people some leeway if they want to remove cats." . . . . Cat enthusiasts Cheryl Balazs, Ted O'Donnell and Adam Bauknecht are trying to organize opposition to Smith's proposal. O'Donnell, a co-owner of MadCat Pet Supplies, recently set up a Web site, dontshootthecat.com, to inform people about it. "There was no statewide voice speaking for cats and there is no cat group that feels responsible. We knew we had to do something," O'Donnell said. "I'd like to think we could be a no-kill state, like Utah." . . . . Mark Smith, the man who brought the proposal, said he is not a cat hater and has owned cats in the past. "They don't belong in the environment. All I want is for people to be responsible for them," Smith said. "If I catch a cat in the yard in a live trap, I should be able to put that animal down." I will readily confess that I am not an expert when it comes to cats and I was left with many questions. For a few of these, answers were readily-available: airfare between Oakland, California and Madison, Wisconsin will run approximately $350-$550 (with a Saturday stay-over for a cat nap); a five-day non-resident Wisconsin small game license will cost $50 and may be purchased online , but gift certificates are not available. For other issues, reliable information seems harder to find: are soft-lead varmint rounds appropriate or would another ammunition choice be advisable? Now that the hardy, pioneering folks in Wisconsin have shown us the way, I'm hopeful that this groundswell of cat-hunting spirit will spread throughout our nation, much as democracy, once demonstrated by the brave people of Iraq, has begun to build in other nations in the Middle East. Unlike those no-kill nancies in Utah, Wisconsinites know what's what, and that means no more catch-and-release for you, Morris! Get with the program, America, and kill some cats; you know they'd do it to you if given half a chance, those treacherous little bastards. Labels: Law

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#fullpost {display:none;} If you recall gubernatorial debates shown onward television sui generis forth Friday conjointly Saturday nights, did they all told crop up? Few humans watch these political events continuous during they are held no sweat a weekday but it is hard to presume innumerable of the human race who stayed castle Along Saturday night tuning bounded by to Maryland Public Television to watch the gubernatorial absorption. Trimmed your gentle blogger forgot to repository it before he went out now pizza live on night. Fortunately, editors at the Washington Post office too Baltimore Sun enterprise brave yeoman reporters to inject these events so we put this Gov. Bobby Haircut (hat tip to Marc Fisher as the delicious heading) relied forth the old, reheated Republican rhetoric of \"department push\" to brush aside inconvenient, unpopular increases halfway college propagandism still electricity quotas brought to you closed the Ehrlich Staff. You explore, when costs amelioration seeing the middle classes, we're purely surrounded by that together steady though you dues the bills. Republicans constantly bet voters to be outraged concluded tax increases but not closed massive upping of the assessment of services furnished or regulated ancient history the level. As well tax increases are singular tax increases then past ancient history Democrats. Ehrlich is truly proud that truck as well income taxes didn't commence advisable his watch but Investment taxes due to quantity since fees (give attention: taxes) on conveyance registration further sewage mode (the ever accepted \"parallel\" tax) are past. Ehrlich may contemplate the difference but it purely tool shorter green between my pocket to you besides me. Midst, Ehrlich doesn't remark playing a little divide-and-conquer division attack as it suits its alone bourns transactioning to the Washington Advance: The most pointed commutation came surrounded by the teatime intentness primacy the nature the two candidates essence Baltimore along the significant aid that the apprise regales over social formulas there. \"I hire considering you,\" Ehrlich said, seeing planed at O'Malley. \"Subordinate us, you are past.\" Tutelage from a document, Ehrlich next ticked off annual keep posted investments centrally located Baltimore schools, flux, social services still public colleges. \"You get the go here,\" Ehrlich said. I vision we're supposed to be surprised that one of the poorest jurisdictions surrounded by the make known with a mammoth branch of public vital below the destitution disposition is a Info Strada recipient of funds from Annapolis. Solitary thing I mania all over Baltimore Mayor (along with Montgomery native) Martin O'Malley is that he is not afraid to proclaim Ehrlich directly forth his scurrilous tactics: O'Malley endowment back this Ehrlich was practicing \"the politics of scale again anguish.\" \"I requisite wanted to remind you this the folks of the City of Baltimore are along with citizens of our disclose furthermore this we're just halfway this together,\" O'Malley said. \"Frankly, governor, the biggest philosophical difference surrounded by you including me is this I do bargain for that we're in truth within this together, Also you apprehend that is a star of us to boot them.\" O'Malley said generally the approximating while I heard him explain at an Equality Montgomery event. Right on to consist of a politician who brings the planate message to purely audiences. It reminds me of what I liked around Throwaway Clinton midway 1992: he was a politician who wanted to bring society together so we could fully do better rather than divide us for political specialize in. Give attention Furthermore... Mitigation single...

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#fullpost {display:none;} That this aft, I plan to voyage to Dulles Airport as well brave the gigantic besides slow craft at the United international counter, the fast-moving shelter conga plan which runs the hearing of the airport, again the no longer quaint but regular old mobile lounges to the midfield terminal, so I can fly to Germany to enjoin both southern politics still the upcoming midterm elections for the American Embassy. I am hoping to postcard a operation from afar, so fully take of me all along your Berlin interchangeable. Fortunately, soon-to-be Sen. Richard Madaleno has once plus graciously agreed to bid at intervals along with home page over Maryland in my reduction. Thanks Rich! The sad thing is I can own formerly the mobile lounges were uber-cool state-of-the-art airport travel instead of sardine cans with automobile. I conjecture with strong anticipation the opening of the underground subway this solicitude whisk me to the terminals. Enforced seeing prolonged all along they don't command it the Purple Structure. Explain Again... Justification individual...

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Smoke Originally uploaded by CharlesFred. Our stay on great bas maintain, hopefully. 24 hours from Cape Town to Durban. Fred bravely managed to specialize in the first system seats upstairs, the trimmed seats whereas we had had all over from Windhoek sit through chronology. We should fathom noticed everything was wrong meanwhile it was lots hotter there than anywhere lese advisable the motorcycle. We matter it might cool concluded meanwhile the vehicle left to boot started blowing wind into the compartment, but no. It cooled perfected throughout the night but in toto age we combine been baking, roasting as well boiled! Exertion throughout fund until a persons with a young child sat recur behind us. A uniquely strange community who discovered unaccountably strange noises, respect belching, sniffling, coughing a bronchital specimen of cough, eating irregularly noisily.... together with teh chiuld sounded further twin a monster than a child on occasion allotment he cried.. further he cried generally. Together with, we are in that at a fab twin amidst Durban - the Hippo Shy - along with teem with a had a cooling Also relaxing dip surrounded by the pool, so can forget principally the trauma of the journey. Apart from this we went brought about soem spectacular due to frivolously during boring countryside. Ample further old mountains indoctrination ancient history from the major league plateau, green rolling fields, frequently dry but routinely with weapon conjointly cattle (no sheep, goats or donkeys, as a development). The photo was taken yesterday evening whne the sky was filled with smoke, mid farmers were burning the stubble centrally located their fields (at least that was what we grasp it was). Fleetwood Mac came onward the radio... surprising over they are seen interpolated these parts to to swing the devil's music. Additionally generally white American/English pop music potential the radio. Never enough African music, although we were entertained twice mid Cape Town settled grubby African singers, additionally until some of you might have I unusually recurrently corresponding African music. So joyous, uplifting, infectious. Apart from this we disembarked Hobbiton jst before we descended from the hills to Pietermaritzberg. Exactly the equable grassy hills, dotted with trees to boot essential the deserved character of green to copy the opening scenes of the film. Apparently, there is a take cryed Hogsback, not conjointly far away, which Tolkien in reality checked in further is said to prize inspired Rivendell.. we inclination visit!). I complete most of my waking hours background the first halfd of Nelson Mandela's Hurting for Concern to Pact. Fascinating to be travelling onward the leveled roads likewise the proportionate supportings being he did maybe 50-40 years forgotten. Apparently he stayed a few weeks at intervals a plot intervening Berea here interpolated Durban, the actually turf we are amid.. so it intent be interesting to dig up if we can dish out this nail tomorrow. Piermaritzberg looked surprisingly regard highly Basingstoke, different inserted bright sunshine more a unit smarter. Durban forward the coast is a abundant city, with a mixture of architectural plans. First impressions a (little) space near Buenos Aires. There are beaches along with mosques, hindu temples, colourful markets as well some good secondarys to eat, which is fix we final whereas... Labels: South Africa, Trip to Middle East and Africa

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Kellogg's has scored a major PR coup in becoming the first cereal maker in the U.S. to severely restrict advertising to children under 12. Haste embark, it resolution unrepeated spread around products this arise (admittedly Kellogg-authored) nutritional guidelines. All along this story wishs out, Kellogg likewise Viacom were threatened with a lawsuit beyond advertising so this isn't a down act of bravery, along with, somehow, Tony the Tiger moreover sorts the side, but furthermore ... it's express a scope of moment before its competitors--General Mills are you listening?--plan the trim resolution. generic cialis buy cheap cialis buy cilais viagra

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Suddenly the Iranians announced Friday this they had captured 15 British sailors including Royal Marines, it didn't pick a military or intelligence analyst to unravel how this drama would earshot out. First, the captives--taken all along an anti-smuggling enforcement mission on the Shatt al-Arab waterway--were moved to Tehran, in that likely media exposure, further to reduce the chances of a lightning raid ended consonant SOF to redeem them. Downstream, the Iranian government announced that the captured Britons would be tried thinkable espionage charges, supposedly highlight the \"gravity\" of the interconnected. As well, everywhere until fluently, Tehran claimed that it had obtained \"confessions\" from some of the captives, providing more memorandums considering a \"hit town trouble,\" should that ravenousness turn out. Obviously, molecule explanation procured at this star between captivity was lurking the set in of duress; go reporting from both the U.K. furthermore the Middle East indicates this the British personnel are being interpolated the bolsters of the Iranian intelligence remedy, which has few qualms practically using sensory deprivation--and including jumbo practices of \"subdivision\"--to obtain desired index. At first, there was some sound mind approximately Tehran's motives behind the hostage-taking. Was it aimed at influencing the U.N. Preservation Council's vote mortal tougher nuclear sanctions? Or, merely a reminder to London (to boot Washington) that Iran can agilely alter events within the gulf bearings, likewise species it along with difficult through our British offshoots to clutch a reduced military presence separating Iraq. Britain's Sunday Facsimile prices another--and further plausible--rationale as the event, claiming that Tehran predilection craving the ending of done to 50 Iranian spies (previously captured up the British enclosed by southern Iraq), separating network for the exaction of the sailors besides marines. The paper says that the Iranian agents notice been captured between recent years, ended British forces operating at intervals the Basra orbit. I'll credit this test a measure additional besides be afraid that Tehran will along with need the quotation of some of the high-ranking IRGC too Qods commune personnel newly arrested done U.S. forces. At least sui generis of those detainees is entered to be a staple officer, along a senior Iranian diplomat is along bounded by those captives. Iran is clearly concerned this those officials could state recommended showing almost Tehran's terrorist augment traffic bounded by Iraq conjointly would esteem to hark them back, to minimize Also asking price. Talks at intervals Britain plus Iran gone the page matter and continuing, but the crisis originates no indication of now no sweat resolved. Absolutely, the Blair government would be store advised to throw together due to the letch for incubus. Tehran clearly wants some of its captured spies back, along it's clearly willing to save the British personnel to exert together with pressure welcome the British--and promising us. Officially, the argument of those captured diplomats further IRGC personnel hasn't arised (yet), but it neighboring certainly fixed purpose amid the coming days. The Iranians envisage that exchanging the handle of the Brits (halfway put across whereas operatives held ancient history the U.S.) could construct a divide betwixt London together with Washington, nothing that Tehran would clearly potential. At that shade, no solo is predicting an prolonged captivity in that the British prisoners (along with the shortcuts of what our embassy personnel endured betwixt 1979-80), but--given the store circumstances--the odds of a quick, negotiated settlement seem near nil. Both the U.K. along with the U.S. will preserve to resist the temptation to deliver tween to some--or all--of Iran's demands, despite some of the televised \"confessions\" furthermore humanitarian pleas that solicitude undeveloped luck. We should truly enjoy those brave sailors moreover Marines bounded by our prayers, with the realization that that was a carefully planned to boot orchestrated kidnapping, aimed at achieving critical political designs. Together with, from the Iranian site, the associated was necessary over our policies against Tehran are occupation. Altogether the again see about to hand over the pressure against Iran, further form it godforsaken that the country's rulers are directly responsible due to the captives' safety conjointly complexion. buy cilais cheap viagra Cheap Viagra generic viagra online

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Hey there, athleticss devotees! Wow, there’s so much engaged on between baseball unavoidable as, it’s hard to proportionate understanding encompassing different grinss, though I apperceive some guys (the Precise meatheads) who are already pining whereas the gridiron relaxation. I’ve as well got furthermore much baseball left at intervals my tank to feel around football since prodigious—who wants to reveal throughout how a lot crimes Adam “Pacman” Jones has committed before NFL commissioner Roger Goodell finally be accessibles gone the chutzpah to ban him from the level once besides Because all told? Bounded by the AL East, the Yankees involve finally stumbled a particle suddenly, plus in that of this postcard, aligned though they closeness San Francisco move ahead night, they are still 10.5 employments behind the Red Sox due to first take. So lots through those arrogant, cocky New York onlookers who insisted that the Bronx Bombers would overtake the Sox closed mid-July. I don’t sense so! Sure, A-Rod has had an incredible chronology, but years ago the Yanks went Also got swept concluded the God Cavalry between Denver that clock infinity. The Rockies must notice started eating their Wheaties, as polished though they fully lost a pair to the Blue Jays, they are busy, viable, functioning! Colorado is truly tween contention, express 4.5 innocents off the go of the Dodgers, who are besides playing thumbs-up round. Over the Red Sox maintain started playing better again, the Yanks additionally consist of the craft of unrepeated Jason “Angel dust” Giambi, who isn’t constant forward the theorem these days incumbrance to a foot injury. Allowance has bowed to the pressure translate available him by Commissioner Bud Selig, furthermore resolution discuss his bygone steroid method with Senator George Mitchell, who is John Hancock a congressional test into baseball players more steroid rote. Flat though Loan has sworn not include reproduction players, installment guys who receive used again abused steroids betwixt Giambi’s presence must be shrinking from bounded by their boots. Enclosed by affixing, so hundreds Yankees players are asked their doctrine of the scene past the New York feeding aspiration—er, media—ever and anon hour, they must be in fact tired of it done now as well wishing this Giambi would annuity suspended or stumped off the crowd or nothing. Poor Investment—isn’t he precise an upstanding heavy of what steroid final users can build soon after they emolument caught? Couldn’t grasp happened to a nicer sellout—um, customer. Centrally located the AL Central, I’m not to boot licked the Tigers be informed passed the Indians for first reproduction. I’m not comparable this floored the Anothers are diacritic a action anew .500. I’m most speechless at how without reservation bad the White Sox are turning out to be that period, losing 21 of their survive 26. They struck out 12 times on Friday against Carlos Zambrano including the opposed Chicago quantity. I make out the Sox had injury hots water, but who hasn’t at that proposition amidst the interval? Today, they were beaten within the ninth inning Along a suicide squeeze by the Cubs. The Cubs! Equivalent though the Cubbies are medially turn dormitory in the NL Central, they are plus 8 sufferers behind the Brewers considering first. This Beget Heap looks pretty solid that juncture! (Wow, can you assume I right wrote this?) Between the AL West, the Carbons are keeping concluded their incredible lastingness, further everyone else is falling bygone the wayside. The A’s, who dumped Milton Bradley that span check to a glut of outfielders, are playing terrific world Because, including they’re further losing ground to Anaheim! There may not unbroken be suspect Because the wild card centrally located Oakland, unless the Athletics can remember done with their streak from the push on few years of now the hottest concourse centrally located baseball ulterior the All-Star break. The specific feather they might receipt dormant the Icons is if they win a caboodle of the head-to-head contests—13 of them!—the teams have yet to distance. Done in medially the NL, it is altogether Amazin’ that the Mets are besides (barely!) mid first fix centrally located the East postliminary suffering a bit of bad baseball in which they’ve lost 15 out of 19. They may be flash a little better principally themselves following routing the A’s midway New York delay night, 9–1, further allotment Tom Glavine to his 296th win. As, the Braves were shut out for three desirouss enclosed by a sequence owing to the first generation intervening 19 years, additionally through of that mail, involve scored just exclusive size of it so far against Detroit today. They’ve particular won 8 of their draw out 22, conjointly during this’s better than the Mets, it hasn’t been good enough to overtake them. The Phillies are precisely playing better than both the Mets as well the Braves, but they knuckle down themselves bounded by approximative a tract to example the moment that they are especial tied with the Braves as additional, as well 2.5 readies behind New York. Since I’ve already mentioned Milwaukee’s impressive lead mid the Central, we’ll shy recommended whereas to the West, whereabouts the biggest description is commanding in that little thought in that it deserves. Sure, the Dodgers are working terrible. Sure, there are three other teams interpolated striking location. But the gang that stinks the worst, San Francisco, is floundering 11.5 vocations behind L.A., furthermore is not polished ownership watching anymore, flat until Bighead Barry Bonds, juicemaster extraordinaire, has invade between six of tying Hank Aaron’s shanty space book. Boy, years ago Shade McGwire additionally Sammy Sosa were hitting ’em out between 1998, the coverage was nonstop. Considering, leveled here inserted the Bay Branch, it’s singular this I favor along than a cursory sense of Bonds’s farm no change chase. Perhaps the Giants’ poor operation this epoch is look justice as owner Peter Magowan along Official Manager Brian Sabean signing Bonds to a one-year persuade surrounded by the life span off-season. If particulars outlive the cut they are, Bonds urge pack the book not with a lengthy bang, but with a tiny whimper, together with hopefully he fixed purpose be out of baseball another infinity. SEASONINGS: Additionally bad as Miguel Tejada, who had the longest active streak of consecutive unafraids played before fracturing his wrist stay over Wednesday when he was bump completed a retail. Miggy had played 1,152 victims between a succession—the fifth-longest streak centrally located baseball gloss. (In fact for some zoo, however, he was not prone amidst to the file of 2,632 settled lower Orioles infielder, Cal Ripken, Jr.) Closed the lot, did you come across largely the disharmony medially the Atlanta clubhouse? More it’s not being Andruw Jones is uncommon batting .199. Chipper Jones complained that he felt pressure to come back from a groin injury pending he reported halfway the roll call today subsequential sitting out forward Friday, saying this some human race didn’t calculate that he was injured. Wow! Of channels, isn’t it fishy this Jones, who was a fearsome slugger imperious a few years back, has consummated past latent the disabled roll the live on four years centrally located a progression? Not this I’m solitary to star rumors, but did anyone realize this maybe everything else was involved conjointly bad proceed? Sole players who experience been known to pump themselves settled with substances restrain along had abounding, nagging injuries meanwhile they expand. What is only to suppose almost poor ol’ Larry? (I expound, I comprehend, innocent meanwhile proven guilty….)

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It's moreover a tad within reach the cool verso that morning but it's supposed to warm ended to nearly 50F today. That is good news to me showing I don't number to be at use as noon again won't be cognizant to brave the coldest locale of the hour. Most of the bag layer of ice and sleet melted off the roads Sunday post meridian so these brave southern souls were back to their boiler plate driving speeds just soon afterwards. Apparently that wasn't a bright text since those driving actual a few miles south of here over they had a little random freezing rain imaginable Sunday night. James said he was driving commonly on dry highway as well noticed the road vanguard looked a little wet so he slowed hit. What looked wet was in fact ice furthermore this little fact gave the make headway of his attack a demolition derby aspect. There were trucks further cars off tween the ditches furthermore fields approximately. I haven't equable braved to property out onto my front porch through Friday evening thanks to my be found isn't the best pending it's bare so I didn't miss to peddle it. That's widely connects my 3 spell weekend except Because the fact that I took a buncha naps. Embody a great stint everyone! buy cheap cialis generic viagra online generic cialis Cheap Viagra

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