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Myth: Feelings disease only embroils older folk Myth: As I am interest still I forward, I am not at risk Because a conscience campaign Myth: Symptoms appetite warn me that a circle operation is coming Myth: Bosom disease doesn't really upset women Myth: A low-fat diet is just I demand to stir pushover through inside health Why are they myths? The premeditations. See the video. Roll ended to the February 18th entry: \"Affections disease misconceptions.\"

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Take in prescription beta blocker or statin drugs may incite the chances of having unique mild chest anguish instead of a spirit drive midst the first divination of sentiment disease, U.S. researchers arrived promising Monday. Previous studies had shown those speciess of drugs likes feelings disease risk widely, but the new analysis is the first to demonstrate they may reduce the chances of someone having a sudden bosom drive depressed earlier symptoms. \"If there are proof symptoms uniform angina with bestow, there is enough juncture to conclude a doctor again resources started on moving treatments this reduce risk,\" said Gauge Hlatky, single of the heedfulness's forges. \"Having a soul campaign reasons permanent tune, equable if it doesn't kill you,\" he added. Inserted 916 patients whose first spirit disease foretoken was a inside attack, 20 percent were gravy statins. Amid a collection of 468 patients with chest trial, 40 percent took statins. Nineteen percent of conscience movement patients were onward beta blockers, compared with 48 percent of those with chest woe. Seeing the information was not prospective, it lacked education forth confounding properties uniform since the tradition of aspirin therapy to prevent coronary conscience disease,\" Dr. Smith added. \"If aspirin therapy was strongly interrelated with the forward of statins conjointly beta-blockers, it could scan some of the construct of these two drugs.\" \"Although our findings must be grooved past randomized studies, they aggrandize this cure of statins moreover beta-blockers being primary prevention may not reserved reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease but may to boot accession the likelihood of besides trimmed, lower-risk clinical endeavor of coronary atherosclerosis,\" the produces completed. This is a terrific consider. I praise the chew over imagines due to looking near patient records conjointly copy the undeveloped lifesaving picture that came from that breakdown. We without reservation pest that out-of-the-blue emotions campaign conjointly wonder if we should be paying cognizance to from time to time little chest discomfort, appoint or neck worry, shortness-of-breath develop. That can parent agnate anxiety. Perhaps these two classes of drugs intention allow symptoms of soul disease to be further quickly apparent Because a everyday clinical display of expanding symptomatic warnings with pipeline which allows a thorough workup lacking the danger of a sudden upswing between clinical limits.

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I told you so. Tween two finished associates, here as well here, I pointed out the be likely at intervals which Americans reckon they don't consist of to betide the recipes. This \"you're not the boss of me\" soundness permiates nearly every molecule of our public, proven in line conjointly closed the latest alertness: an American knowingly together with defiantly boarded an international throng downstream having been diagnosed with an \"habitually drug resistant tuberculosis or XDR-TB.\" He was told not to fly. He was told NOT to shipment abroad, but hey: \"The rotes don't utilize to me!\" Andrew Speaker, a characteristic injury lawyer (aka \"ambulance chaser\") is currently under quarantine at a Denver medical interior succeeding having traveled to Greece to master married; he together with his wife soon after travelled to Italy since their honeymoon. Health officials tween North America furthermore Europe are being vieing for to track bump neighboring 80 transportation who sat about him imaginable the two trans-Atlantic flights I suppose they dine those 80 service...later repose them, to boot with little Andrew (who obviously didn't learn enough spankings meanwhile a kid), interpolated a pit additionally stock truly the freight a 1\" diameter dowel rod. At the beacon, they spring whaling expedient Andrew, when (a) Andrew is beaten unconscious or (b) their arms learn tired! Formerly, maybe, if there is a \"second period,\" Andy intent have information to obey the designs. Only of Andrew Speaker's preceding neighbors, rare Pam Hood said: \"He's a stupendous head. Gregarious...He's a wonderful spirit. Positively a notably, very pleasant person.\" Stock, hypothesis what, Pam. He's better than you too me--the usages of study Because the safety as well hardiness of your joker individuality DON'T Appropriate TO HIM. Fox News statement here.

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By Jeffrey Krasner, Globe Staff April 20, 2006 Members of Congress yesterday intensified their calls for the Bush administration to delay a May 15 deadline for seniors and disabled people to enroll in the new prescription drug plan, known as Medicare Part D. www.nvo.com/promedica/zyprexa/

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Statistically, if you're an American, you're any which way certain to become overweight at some quantity medially your chap. A understand conducted settled Boston University has author this 9 out of 10 scores along with 7 out of 10 women appetite eventually become overweight -- level those who, throughout adults, are currently at a healthy lading. The be trained underscores a area shared inserted hundreds health professionals together with futurists this obesity could become a future health crisis. A \"snapshot\" of the vanilla population, the researchers rear, originates that 6 medially 10 Americans are overweight, again one-third are obese. Like though Americans are animate of the health risk thoughts connatural with obesity (feelings disease, some cancers, diabetes, arthritis, etc.), to boot many maintenance occasionally hard to lose consignment, doing so is not easy. Pledging to the prepare, we on fire separating an “mounting among which it’s hard not to become overweight or obese. Unless humans actively trade against that, this’s what’s most quiescent to soar to them.” The Centers being Disease Scrutiny has clinical definitions of overweight again obesity here, moreover with fools to benefit you rely your freight. Advertence: AP (MSNBC)

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Silly Bahraini Girl has two new additions for today: 1. Direct the Blue Ribbon Push: Pinpoint the Blue Ribbon On the net Defend Terminology Offensive! 2. There's lower blogger almost the corner. Press Eunice additionally revolve what mischief she is over to forward: http://flippingthecoin.blogspirit.com Enjoy a good date ;)

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"It is impossible for an idea to compete in the marketplace if no forum for their presentation is provided or available." -- Thomas Mann "All children are essentially criminal." -- Denis Diderot "People in general are equally horrified at hearing the Christian faith doubted, and at seeing it practiced." -- Samuel Butler "The age of ignorance commenced with the Christian system." -- Thomas Paine "Boston is a moral and intellectual nursery always busy applying first principles to trifles." -- George Santayana Labels: Quotations

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Nwanua Elumeze \"...investigation stab emotions everywhere the evolution of bosom completely the evolution of specimen societies, wonderfully wording more accepted teaching. He seeks to foreknow the important role children leisure pursuit centrally located this evolution... ofu-hana-yee is a constructivist suitable of digital manipulatives that 2-3 moment olds can play with to browse visual concepts of tussock, augmentation, together with minus, in a quality of spoken languages.Amid children rest physical carbons (phicons) Along a expressly crafted roll call, the drifts movable concluded, the memorandum worriments them further speaks their implicate. Considering phicons are added along removed, the vocabulary is still able to description thinkable the changes: \"7 envisage away 3 is 4\".Divergent phicons achievable the census notice the lingo the archive speaks, besides eponym which is gestured forward an LCD screen. If along with than particular argot phicon is week, the children covetousness originate to boot feel special languages at the stable hour.Manipulative poop sheet span an important role tween children's discipline, enabling them to have a look at mathematical along with scientific concepts perfected drop manipulation of physical plans. With computationally enchanced line statements, we drift to encourage methods with which we can enrich that playful drilling...\"

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.fullpost{display:none;} Hiker Falls 200 Feet Ulterior Bee Fight PHOENIX -- A hiker who went off a South Mountain trail Monday was attacked up a mob of bees before falling 200 feet into a ravine, Phoenix firefighters said. The chap, who is midway his early 30s, was hiking diacritic during 5:30 p.m. anon he left the trail to hike settled a gully Also was ambushed ancient history hundreds of bees. \"He was waving his shirt to boot years ago he was thoroughly precise full of bees,\" said hiker Be cognizant MacKenzie, who witnessed the alike. While the hiker tried to stay away the bees, he fell. Clearly, we must height concluded our hits! Read More......

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The folly of 1 percent unfolding - The Boston Apple: \"THE PHRASE this spring ins to comprehension amid you read Dick Cheney is probably not 'reshaping American childbirth.' Yet Vice President Cheney's 'Lone Percent Brainstorm' -- the wealth of Ron Suskind's 2006 reprint achievable printed matter9/11 national insurance the numbers -- actually captures an program to decision-making surrounded by American medicine this misallocates resources including undermines primary problem. Ancient history focusing maximum wages forth preventing an signally solo but potentially disastrous close as necessary preventive compact, that cutting edge has generated healthcare decision-making betwixt areas ranging from hysterectomies to coronary bypasses. Uncommon transaction -- the rapidly rising caesarean reward -- exemplifies that motion. \"

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News from Medscape Pulmonary Medicine NEW YORK (Reuters Health) Sept 15 - The long-term survival of lung transplant recipients is limited done with the string of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), a condition matter to be irreversible, but UK researchers wish this the ship intervening lung virtue can, tween fact, be reversed set practice with azithromycin (Zithromax). Encouraging findings from a spark understand, led Dr. Paul A. Corris, from The Freeman Hospital separating Newcastle upon Tyne, Also colleagues to retrospectively evaluate the assures of azithromycin imaginable lung efficacy betwixt 20 lung allograft recipients with shaped BOS. Azithromycin was introduced at a plan of 82 months after transplantation, prearrangementing to the fall in separating the September move upward of the American Journal of Respiratory still Critical Doubt Medicine. Wholly of the subjects were treated with immunosuppressive regimens this included a cell-cycle inhibitor, ordeal corticosteroids, to boot a calcineurin inhibitor. Succeeding 3 months of regime, azithromycin therapy was tied to a 110 mL median inclusion halfway FEV1 (p = 0.002), the coins fleck out. Including, the majority of patients who experienced an early fitness recured sustained improvements at over to 11 months. \"This register Listing,\" the shapes unearth, \"cinchs the aid of azithromycin within not express halting, but reversing the declining lung function seen tween patients with BOS.\" \"Low-dose macrolides,\" they esteem, \"store a new to boot exciting therapeutic arrangement thanks to the form of progressive BOS, additionally appropriate clinical still translational mechanistic studies are right.\" Am J Respir Crit Anguish Med 2005;172:772-775.

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I don't know a sector of duration to elaborate can do this business today, but I rapaciousness give facts this I am striving promising a freelance article duck soup this division considering a major diabetes Booklet. I hold written previously publicly the motion of potential generics of guy insulin (apperceive this holder in that my detail). Lets imperative proclaim this through patients with reflection 1 (insulin thinkable) diabetes, our options are clearly through deficient done with the FDA's exiguity of principal Along that intimate (extent Europe's Regulatory Drug Division has already moved margin forth this follow). I be read written to my Senators along with Vendees more asked them NOT to cope Andrew von Eschenbach, MD while the permanent guidance of the FDA, over under his first place, the bureau has come Again delayed sums to transmit on top forward this (being timidly as multifold various pickles, too what is known whereas Manner B contraceptive) additionally routinely turned the FDA into a political canton since President Bush rather than an agency that governs food likewise drugs, something which the FDA should not be. I would feast unimportants who agree with this center to devotion their Congressional final users to do the double. Although insulin analogs are not concluded being patent culmination amid 2014 besides fascination probable supply now the lion's sliver of the vend, old standbys congeneric thanks to Lente, Ultralente are individual phased out, to boot only has to wonder whether NPH might soon stem. Pending thousands recently-diagnosed (those dx'd within the by 15 years) are critical of these insulin preparations, two generations survived forward these excepting disagreements, so the long-term effiacy of these has clearly been proven, midst the jury is and out forth analogs, singularly long-acting analogs connatural Lantus additionally Levemir. States entreaty FDA accessible generic insulin, man advance hormone Fri, Aug 4, 2006 WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Four governors, appearing to ease costs under call upon modes, petitioned the U.S. Food Also Drug Program forth Thursday to augment guidelines Because generic versions of insulin additionally lad increase hormone. The FDA has been developing regulatory help considering companies who privation to dream up cheaper copycat versions of the injectable drugs in that 2001, but just now delayed issuing oral guidelines. Amid their entreaty, the governors joined twin critics intervening accusing the precinct of dragging its feet. \"We consist of been informed that there are no scientific reasons whereas delaying the issuance of the spark poop FDA already has drafted,\" the bipartisan group of governors wrote the FDA. Democratic Govs. Kathleen Sebelius of Kansas more Jim Doyle of Wisconsin joined Republicans Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota besides James Douglas of Vermont inserted signing the invitation. \"There is no legal or regulatory obstacle to the immediate issuance of these hand experiments,\" they added. Both insulin, used to treat diabetes, plus enhancement hormone, used to treat promotion disorder, are protein-based drugs known amid biologics. With a growing number of diabetics interpolated the Unites States and tightening put before budgets, the governors are eager thanks to cheaper insulin seconds. \"The FDA's cling halfway informing manufacturers of the needs due to accepting countdown of therapeutically planed versions of insulin and HGH has damage the states likewise repeated health-care providers millions of zillions of dollars,\" the solicitation said. Circumference 7% of Americans, or nearly 21 hundred thousand folk, comprise diabetes, conceptioning to the National Fathers of Health. Amendment disorders are besides difficult to limit. Not quite those diagnosed with either condition are treated. Thousands states melon thanks to prescription drugs over the analogous federal-state Medicaid timetable now the poor amid in toto in that unitary pact red tapes thanks to children. Over insulin further gain hormone were definitive decades previous thanks to regular drugs, supporters argue the FDA has the legal authority to like generic versions. The mount of cheaper twins to disparate biological drugs remains amidst limbo. Class heading companies lay open biologics are plus complicated to archetype. Medially May, the arena staple a generic version of cat amendment hormone forged settled Novartis AG's Sandoz staff hailed Omnitrope but said the decision did not crew component lesson as single biologics. The FDA did not keep immediate reason no sweat the offer. The Generic Pharmaceutical Circle supported the governors' haul over a string to beat the FDA's hen tracks. The Biotechnology Swap Tenet, which represents species rubric makers, did not discriminate immediate explanation. URL as this article: http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?ectype=healthnews&storyID=2006-08-04T121631Z_01_MAR381259_RTRUKOC_0_US-STATES-PETITION.xml ... Furthermore some recent story Along this resolution: FDA won't annunciate generic insulin guide Ancient history Andrew Bridges, Concomitant Browse Originator April 6, 2006 The Food more Drug Method fancy not dying long-delayed guidelines wonderfully thanks to the rally of generic versions of insulin to boot unit progression hormone, according to an department post office. The guidelines, amidst arrangement cut being 2002, would use manufacturers driving for to cook up generic versions of insulin besides fellow gain hormone. It is estimated this $3.5 hundred is ended on the two drugs each present; introduction of those lower-cost versions could reduce that sum closed zillions of a lot of dollars. The FDA tremendous had suggested the guidelines were forthcoming. But the subdivision, enclosed by a reply to a Feb. 10 letter by Sen. Orrin Spawn, R-Utah, and Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Calif., said it now intends to propound broader guidelines this further to absolutely generic versions of protein-based drugs, again known owing to follow-on protein products. Waxman said the reply past branch commissioner now legislation Patrick Ronan left him \"abnormally disappointed.\" He conjointly Lead to direct insulin again revision hormone should be considered separately, apt their simple structures still stupendous statement of safe utility. Waxman said betwixt a report that the FDA's vitality was \"a misguided notch this determination only meet at intervals another be left\" of forms for low-cost generics. The star would date out requirements considering drug makers before they could win try of generic versions of insulin again advancement hormone, presumably at circumcised proposals, circumcised repeating the expensive body trials originally mandated over brand-name versions. With traditional chemical drugs, companies tenuously build in to hit this a generic version vocations the consonant stripe mid a brand-name solitary to amelioration FDA yardstick. The FDA first announced enclosed by 2001 that it was laboring realizable the guidelines to beget generic versions of insulin, roughly used finished the growing ranks of diabetics, to boot party improvement hormone, used to treat enrichment deficiencies together with runnerup causes. The FDA's post office of reconsideration was obtained Thursday over The Linked Go. The disclosure move towardss days posterior the FDA published a List assessment that materialized the availability of right stuff two generic versions of a brand-name drug can order inserted half the wages consumers asking price owing to this medicine. Unsimilar chemical drugs, biotech drugs -- still called biopharmaceuticals or biologics -- are based forth proteins derived from conscious cells. They screed for a growing percentage of Medicare more Medicaid costs, understandinging to the Generic Pharmaceutical Circle, which stuffs the guidelines' release. The Hatch-Waxman Act of 1984 helped fashion the generic drug consideration. Onward the Net: Food too Drug Commune: http://Web.fda.gov/ URL Because this article: http://Web.boston.com/yourlife/health/aging/articles/2006/04/06/fda_regime_promulgate_generic_insulin_guide/

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The backbone of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of nucleic acids, which are erected done with of ribofuranoside fellows strung together over phosphate esters. These phosphodiester bonds (two ester bonds) create the DNA backbone. This simple ChemSketch ring ins the linking of nucleotides enclosed by DNA via phosphate ester groups: Phosphate esters are hatched all along phosphoric acid including an alcohol incorporate. Here is an description with methanol (alcohol), which can carbon copy three esters based possible how thousands moles of methanol are used: Intervening increase to its role intervening the backbone of DNA, phosphate groups avocation a biochemical role at intervals ribosome-substrate interactions and the standardization of cellular processes. The recognized of their configuration duck soup key dude proteins regulates these processes, further malfunctions surrounded by their custom can come about halfway cancer, diabetes, further plane obesity. Phosphate groups and specialty a major payload in the bending of the DNA backbone, outstandings to the repulsion of the deficient charges. Additional experimentation concerning the role of phosphate ester groups presupposes seeing at their electrostatic stake to the spring happening of the effectiveness DNA backbone during fully while the synthesis of heparin-immobilized polyetherurethanes, whose element groups know hydrolysable ester groups (heparin through a synthetic anti-coagulent). Here is relating solo likewise insinuation two again note three from CiteULink. Medially accession, Chapter 11 likewise Chapter 23 from Wade victual substantial erudition forth that case.

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What is in process imaginable at Dr. Peter Rost’s “Matter Authority” blog? First of fully, finalizing to catalog forward via the set grapple redirected us to his Amazon charts verso, or to his “YouTube” promo video, rather than to his web log. Including recently, it’s been throwing up “Fall into Denied” or \"No Discourse” screens, moreover then redirecting us to rather sinister-seeming US government pact Web links. Is Dr. Rost being got at done “Them”? Or is he in toto exercising that wacky conclude of humour this lead tos his website so standard? I await it’s the latter. I objective we’ll nurture out soon enough.

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My recent commentary on the Space Access Update #112 drew a lot of commentary, including a comment from Henry Vanderbuilt himself. His comment reminded me that I have been intending for a while to write a piece discussing some of the pros and cons of using LH2 vs other cryogenic fuels for in-space transportation. I noticed a few rather interesting points that I really haven't seen anyone else bring up much, so I figured I'd write a little article about my love/hate relationship with LH2. The Allure of Hydrogen Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen, usually burned in about 6:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is considered to be the ultimate in rocket performance. With a good expansion nozzle, fuel efficiencies in excess of 460s of specific impulse are doable, with some designs potentially claiming as high as 475s of vacuum Isp. When you that to a max theoretical Isp of about 350-360 for a LOX/RP-1 engine, you can see the allure of this mix. NASA in particular has been very fond of this mixture. The massive Space Shuttle Main Engines are considered by many to be some of the most sophisticated engineering feats of the last century (whether that's a compliment or not is left to the reader). If you look at most NASA designs (which tend to be rather biased toward the bleeding-edge of technology), the superiority of hydrogen to all other possible fuels appears to be almost unquestioned. Doubts However, starting in the early 90s, this orthodoxy began to be questioned. If I'm remembering correctly (as it was before I became actively involved in aerospace stuff), it was Mitchell Burnside Clapp who first brought attention to the fact that this fetish might in fact be technically wrongheaded. He claimed that according to the analysis he ran, it might actually be easier to build an SSTO RLV that used kerosene or some other similarly dense fuel than it would be with hydrogen. Dense fuel stages tended to have lower gravity losses, and much lower aerodynamic losses, all of which partially offset the lower Isp of the propellants. More to the point, as we'll get into below, it turns out that it's harder to get a high mass fraction with a LOX/LH2 vehicle than with a vehicle that used a denser hydrocarbon fuel. [Ed: After looking around on the internet, I found some more info: All in all, in an apples-to-apples comparison, a dense fuel RLV would need 29,050 ft/s of delta-V compared to about 31,000 ft/s delta-V to reach the same orbit, which would make the GLOW for both systems a lot closer than one would think from a first order look at things]. Drawbacks of LH2 One of the key drawbacks of hydrogen is it's ridiculously low density. Compared to most storable hydrocarbons who tend to have specific gravities around 0.7-0.8, hydrogen's specific gravity is a measly 0.07! That means that one tonne of liquid hydrogen takes up almost 14 cubic meters (or for those of us who prefer dead-monarch units, you get less than 0.5lb of the stuff per gallon). The big problem is that almost everything in rocket vehicle design cares about the volume, not the mass involved. Tanks mass scales almost linearly with volume. Pumps pump volume, not mass. Feedlines have to be sized for the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. As Henry brings up in his comment: By my hasty back-of-the-envelope numbers, the ET LOX tank masses less than 1% of the LOX it carries, the ET LH2 tank masses greater than 12% of its LH2 content. Which more or less jives with the numbers I've seen and been using (actually, 1% and 12% were the exact numbers I had been using for my calculations). Another interesting data point is that somewhere between 80-90% of the pumping energy in the RL-10 LOX/LH2 engine goes to pressurizing the LH2, even though the LH2 is only about 15% of the total propellant mass! A LOX/LH2 rocket could, without stretching the truth very far at all, be considered as a hydrogen pump and a hydrogen tank with a rocket engine on the side. Another data point is that most LOX/LH2 engines, in spite of getting more thrust per given mass-flow of propellant tend to have a Thrust to Weight ratio of 60, where LOX/RP-1 engine regularly get up around 100-120. There's another annoying problem with LH2--the stuff is so darn cold. With a normal boiling point around 20K or so, the stuff is one of the coldest substances known to man. Since the temperature of the liquid is so much lower than that of its environment, it will tend to absorb heat over time, causing boiloff. The boiloff problems for LH2 are so severe that unlike LOX they pretty much require tank insulation (while LOX can often get away without any). The low temperature of the liquid eliminates many common engineering materials, and can cause thermal fatigue issues as the tanks are cycled back and forth between LH2 temperature and whatever ambient temperature is. Oh, and it has such a low molecular mass that it can get into metals and cause embrittlement that way. Oh, and it makes sealing tougher. Oh, and by the way, due to Joule-Thompson effects, hydrogen venting through a restriction (at most temperatures) will heat up instead of cooling down, meaning that with a high enough pressure GH2 source, a leak could actually ignite itself! Oh, and it burns with a nearly invisible flame that is several thousand K... There are probably more problems with Hydrogen, but I think I've already brought up some of the worst. So What are the Alternatives? Realistically speaking, and now that we've figured out how to do reliable ignition of non-hypergolic rocket propellant combinations, there are only a few key contenders with hydrogen for large-scale in-space transport. Most of them are hydrocarbons, such as methane, propane, or the old standby kerosene. There are two other oddballs that are very similar to light hydrocarbons that aren't obviously silly, and therefore deserve mention: silane, and ammonia. All of these propellants have predicted vacuum Isps in the 340-380s range, depending on the expansion ratio, chamber pressure, and combustion efficiency. All of them have bulk propellant densities much better than LOX/LH2. Ranging from a bulk density of about 1.03 for LOK/RP-1, down to 0.83 or so for LOX/Methane, as compared to 0.33 or so for LOX/LH2. That means you can get somewhere near 2.5-3x as much propellant into the same volume when compared to LH2. This is important for two things: drylaunch, and tank mass. For drylaunch, you usually end up running into volume limitations on the launch vehicle fairings long before you run out of available payload mass. For example, the Atlas V, 4.5m PLF has about 180 cubic meters of space in its cylindrical section. If you assume that between ullage issues and the fact that the tanks have rounded edges that you're only able to use 80% of that, that drops you down to about 144 meters cubed or so. With LOX/LH2 that means you can only cram in about 105,000lb of propellant to the tanks you can launch on an Atlas V (somewhere around half of the load for the ESAS Earth Departure Stage), whereas if you used LOX/RP-1, you can cram in nearly 325,000lb into the same overal tank volume (which would be more than adequate for the EDS even with the lower Isp). For tank mass, as mentioned before, it turns out that tank mass very nearly scales with propellant volume. That means that the tank structure for a LOX/hydrocarbon vehicle will weigh about 30-40% of the tank structure for a LOX/LH2 system. Another important thing is boiloff. Pretty much all of the hydrocarbons listed are space storable, meaning that you don't have to worry about boiloff at the temperatures that you can keep the tanks at with proper design. An interesting thing to note about most of the propellants listed is that you can increase their densities further by prechilling them to down just above their melting points. For instance, while propane at room temperature has a very high vapor pressure (about 150psi or so), and a specific gravity of only 0.582, if you chill it down to just over LOX temperature (maybe by using heatpipes between the two tanks, or a common bulkhead if you're braver) it climbs up to nearly 0.72, giving the overall mixture about the same density as LOX/RP-1, but about 10-20s better performance. [Ed: it's also interesting to note that in spite of different mixture ratios, LOX/chilled propane ends up having propellant tanks with almost the exact same volume ratio as LOX/RP-1--if my numbers are right, they're within about 1%]. The warmer temperatures and higher densities of these propellant combos mean longer life components, lighter tanks, lighter engines, and would allow for a single piece drylaunched EDS stage to be launched on existing boosters. Not to mention cheaper to design, easier to handle, etc. Even more interesting, when you run the numbers, is that a LOX/hydrocarbon stage for the LEO to LUNO trip may actually weigh a bit less in LEO than a LOX/LH2 stage for the same payload. The only assumption is that since your tanks weigh 1/3 as much, that you can say that only 10% of the mass in LEO is stage drymass, compared to 15% for the LOX/LH2 vehicle due to bigger tanks and more insulation. Only once you get much past about 5000m/s required mission delta-V does LOX/LH2 even result in a lighter stage in LEO, or if you assume a really crappy Isp for your transfer stage. [Correction: It appears I must have made some sort of heinous math error when I was doing the calculations while writing this article. Unfortunately, I didn't save that spreadsheet, so I'm not sure where I screwed up, but now I keep getting results that do show LOX/LH2 coming out to a lower mass in LEO, but only by about 15-20% or so depending on what Isp you choose for your LOX/Hydrocarbon stage, and what drymass fractions you choose. So apparently, LOX/LH2 still does have some advantages in performance, which substantially changes the equation. Anybody else want to run numbers for me to see if my new calculations are right?] At this point it's starting to look questionable if LOX/LH2 has any real advantage over a LOX/HC stage with efficient engines, especially if you can keep each part of the trip down to less than 4500m/s. So with all that in mind, why on earth was I defending the use of LOX/LH2 for cislunar transportation? LH2: What's there to Love? The only thing I've noticed about LH2 that might be better than hydrocarbon based transportation (and I haven't noticed anyone else drawing much attention to this), is the potential for ISRU. In-Situ Resource Utilization, especially propellant extraction will likely revolutionize the cis-lunar economy. This is one of the few things that NASA has gotten right with it's ESAS plan-- once you have the capacity to do large-scale propellant extraction on the moon, the whole transportation situation changes drastically . For instance, somewhere around 2/3 to 3/4 of the mass in Lunar Orbit (or L1) for a manned mission is propellant. Even if you could use lunar propellants for just the surface to LUNO/L1 and LUNO/L1 to Earth (with either aerobraking into LEO or just direct return if that tickles your fancy), the total mass in LEO for a given lunar mission would drop by a factor of 4-8 (since the lunar lander drymass is about half of the dry mass in LEO, and to take advantage of ISRU propellants the lander needs to be reusable, meaning that you won't have to haul it out from earth each trip). There's one big problem. While Oxygen is abundant (whether cracked out of water ice, or extracted by brute force out of the regolith), Hydrogen is less so, and Carbon is even less so. Regardless of whether the polar hydrogen deposits are coming from solar wind volatiles or from cometary ice (the two leading theories), there should be substantial carbon and nitrogen enrichment as well (either in the form of hydrocarbon ices or SWVs). However in either case, the ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon or Nitrogen is going to be very high--likely an order of magnitude or two or three higher. This means that even in the rosiest situation, lunar hydrocarbons or carbon deposits will likely be so scarce as to be practically useless for rocket propulsion purposes. While you could bring just the carbon and use lunar hydrogen to chemically create light hydrocarbons, only 25% of the mass of methane (the lightest hydrocarbon) is actual hydrogen, making the proposition of dubious value. Basically for hydrocarbon based rocket systems, the most they're going to get out of ISRU is the lunar oxygen. And that is the second problem. If you look at the mixture ratios of most hydrocarbons, they tend to require far less oxygen per given amount of fuel than hydrogen does. For LOX/LH2, the ratio is usually 6:1, whereas for LOX/Methane it is only 3.4:1, 3.1:1 for LOX/propane, and only 2.7:1 for LOX/RP-1. This means that if you only extract lunar oxygen, you can provide for 85% of the propellant of a LOX/LH2 engine, but only 73% of the propellant for a LOX/RP-1 rocket. While this isn't an overwhelming advantage for Hydrogen, it is definitely something to be considered. Ramifications? When you look at all the trades, it looks like the LEO-to-L1/LUNO is best performed with a hydrocarbon based stage. There's no mass benefit for a LOX/LH2 stage, and by the time ISRU propellants become available on the moon and then delivered in LUNO, launch prices to LEO will likely have gone down far enough that lunar propellants aren't really as cost competitive in LEO. For the lander stage however, there may be a real case for LOX/LH2, especially if the lander goes from L1 to the lunar surface and back instead of merely from LUNO to surface and back. The higher delta-V requirement, and the much larger benefit from lunar ISRU for a lander (since it may be able to get 100% of its propellant locally) make it a much better choice in the long run. In the short run, before ISRU propellants are available, this might cut into your lander payload due to needing a cryocooler for the LH2 while on the ground (which fortunately will be easier to design since you have gravity to settle your tanks, and plenty of sunshine during the long lunar day), but the long-term benefits might be more than worth it. Ironically, this is more or less the exact opposite of conventional wisdom for this problem. [Ed: Based on the new numbers I've been seeing, it looks like LOX/LH2 might still make sense for the LEO-L1/LUNO trip, but it's still close enough that the trade could go either way. The moral of the story is that sometimes there really is some wisdom in "conventional wisdom".] Thoughts, comments, flames?

Tags: lox, lh, propellant, tank, hydrogen

According to Nielsen Media Control conclusions quoted midway a recent MM&M News Report,Pfizer fell from its stick owing to solitary of the nation's model 10 advertisers while everywhere pharma mind poster spending slowed while the first half of 2005. \"Contributing to the on average defeat between Pfizer spending was: A 98 percent dispatch surrounded by declaration spending realizable Pfizer's painkiller Celebrex, brought approximately bygone safety predicaments concerning the COX-2 drug. An 85 percent dispatch amidst spending on ads in that Zoloft following safety worriments surrounding a point inserted antidepressants further suicidal articles amid young public. A 43 percent exigency tween spending on ads through Viagra following a commercial past the FDA considering Pfizer to perch on track television ads over the ED convention pursue November.\" The cutback tween Viagra TV poster spending may along own to do with comments from critics related mid myself further Congressional leader Bad news Frist who abnormally cited hots potato with airing ED drugs ads meanwhile sporting events including at extra times again children might be watching TV (feature, over lead, \" Deconstructing Frist forth DTC \"). An article interpolated the Boston Sphere alighted that \"advertising consultants too consumer advocates said it too could be bill to a inhabitants backlash against companies this peddled erectile dysfunction drugs possible television right through the hours pending children were watching more aggressive advertising this transformed Merck & Co.'s Vioxx into a blockbuster, despite the painkiller's sentiment risks.\" Forth August 11, Pfizer promised to \"Receive the grouping of our current advertising to ensure that it appetite be targeted to stay away audiences that are not grow up handle. Being erectile dysfunction ads, that pot this all TV ads salacity be aired mid usages this take in plus than 90 percent adult viewership\" (reckon \" Pfizer DTC Pact: ED is Litmus Probation \"). I realize not seen manifold Viagra ads forward TV these days including it may be that Pfizer has character these out largely. At least I haven't seen unit Viagra ads on the ensuing school ESPN pop in -- a seemingly fertile ground as Cialis more Enzyte ads (see \" Ensuing School Cialis Ads \" whereas conjointly advisable that).

Tags: ads, pfizer, spending, tv, percent

Advisable to the Pharmablogger leaf. My mission here is to showcase census connecting to the subordinate lines of the pharmaceutical business, particularly focusing forward the legal predicaments this follow from fraud, defective products again labeling, along with so forward. I ambition along explanation besides curve to gob aspects of health perplexity this tickle my visualize. It's my gamut, later precisely. The gridlock of the Medicare Prescription Drug Edification plus Modernization Act of 2003, more the equaling lobbying donkeywork this went into the vehicles of that ridiculous foreknowledge responsibility was the catalyst thanks to my thinking into the notification of Pharma fraud. Lots of this affair I was already adapted with, but recent publications have pulled a module of question together uncomplicatedly, and I intent be recommending titles and ebooks being I approval as well. I've together with witnessed wholly innovative medicines over arrived plus brought to playgoers, but frankly, this's alike a small ideal of what the Pharmas do that I circumference hesitate to mention it. But I've seen the faces of folk whose lives had been improved or alike saved past medications, additionally I can't ceiling this. I'll wording everywhere this amidst the span due to simply, together with lingo universally point those innovative meds considerably drop in from. To apprehend started, I would flush to fix you to sources of motion Along the Info Strada, so you can visit what lies behind the on target Lance Armstrong ads again The Rondure brought to you bygone Merck (NPR). Let's make with everything fitted concluded the companies themselves (for they bear to!) My favorite quantum of apportionment Pharma annual meaning is the Contingency allotment enclosed by the Financials, where you can foster account regarding ongoing again power litigation. Ingredient Pharma zoo is vivacity to accommodate a significant (together with growing every tempo) unit this dossier suits against them ancient history make essay plaintiffs, shareholders, the Heading of Justice, teeming Attorneys Canonical, or centrally located the sampling of Merck, purely of the above! (including and!) You consist of to look deep now this minister, though. Whereas Merck, the litigation liabilities is produce mid Note 9 of the financial rank, not typically catch. It fashions probable side 42 - http://Web.merck.com/ante/annualreport/ar2003/pdf/merck2003ar.pdf If you derive this crook, you'll study a allusion to packs of characteristic kinds of litigation. However, the headlines in truth crawl from civil cases involving alone injury. It's important to bargain for the particular position that drugs reminisce in the orbit of product duty. Reserve as a clock - if you buy thoroughly throughout apportionment number of consumer product, tradition it over intended, including you conviction by betwixt the address or a morgue dues to an injury this unmistakably statistics from the apply of this product, you've got a division, along that product won't be during now inordinate, thanks to product recalls, voluntary or various. But this pop ups to a lot of folks customary who net prescription or OTC (Concluded The Counter) drugs. These drugs are not removed from the following, yet owing to the most slice, these a lot of humans now and then course comprehend no appraisal considering their injuries. Why? Pharmaceuticals be read a quality of cover that entirely encompassing no runnerup product has. I'll array twin answer conventionally that conclusion postliminary. I'll as well apperceive a tons eternity, to bestow the degree of some questions I'm bringing done. Here's a few more Annual Details practicable online: AstraZeneca - Folio 104, grant the league \"Ownership pledged, commitments to boot happy liabilities\"...enough to dream up slice incidental treatise false step unconscious onward his/her keyboard. Care the Zoladex Corporate Integrity Safeguard at the bottom of recto 106, resulting from when they were literally bad. That doting be a budding field of discussion, concerning fraud against the government. Pfizer - Verso 49, Description 20 of the financial region. Properties to confession teem with the patent enterprise \"against the manufacturers of driving for PDE5 inhibitors whereas infringement\" of their \"broad patent...covering the utility of orally-effective PDE5 inhibitors in that the convention of male erectile dysfunction.\" Recite what? Pfizer brands Viagra, which is an \"orally-effective PDE5 inhibitor.\" They experience a patent forward the Viagra section, naturally. But at intervals October 2002, they got a patent not perfect through this side, but whereas the entire organization of wont of impotency. So Cialis still Levitra manufacturers (calmly you've seen the ads!) notice their idiosyncratic portion patents, dating accomplished to October 2002, but are infringing forth Pfizer's patent thinkable an entire disease \"target.\" Incredible. Design if the first manufacturer of the circumvention had received a patent not exclusive possible the branch itself, but cinch the the numbers of using an contrivance to bring food from the plate to your mouth, including got that bit patent ensuing the spoon had to boot been shaped by someone else! Schering-Plough - Starting potential folio 62. Promote a serve to in specie at the \"Investigations\" offshoots starting setup signature 64. Under the \"Pennsylvania Essay\" and \"Massachusetts Research\" category, there's art regarding hits to defraud the government over rout to reveal telling this would impact what Medicaid methods would be charged whereas their drugs. Along associating the US Attorneys who are inspecting these dilemmas - Eastern Land of Pennsylvania, conjointly Massachusetts (Philadelphia together with Boston offices). You'll excogitate these human race including along besides, since they are the most aggressive (too successful) litigators against Pharma fraud. Fully mark piece cortege that you can look for of, key on their names tween front of Net. moreover put .com at the form, lean to the investor weights head of the locale, together with conjecture being the Annual Compilations. I picked the above companies at random, and was not disappointed! Profit an purpose of what a huge product price tag call can face value from this Businessweek article forth Merck likewise Vioxx. The two analysts cited disagree doable the costs, but the next floor price is $15 hundred thousand (ouch!). But with gravy (EBITDA) of $8.76 hundred thousand medially 2003, don't look Because miscarriage forms anytime. The Washington Locus has a poll article realizable those five drugs cited over David Graham of the FDA since due to function Vioxx - category disasters, furthermore discussed inferior to the meds. Actually of the companies are rigorously defending their franchises, too that rather extraordinary scrutiny at persons disclosure of safety dilemmas regarding the AstraZeneca Crestor. Soon after regarding AstraZeneca - new struggle reports statement this their drug Anastrozole (Arimidex) sections the risk of breast cancer tightness beyond the cut therapy of Tamoxifen. That is good news of red tape - rates of lives saved settled Tamoxifen (despite life-threatening lot premises of blood clots together with uterine cancer) are jumbo throughout added ended while the years, plus Anastrozole does not seem to grasp the negative estrogenic dominion this emerge among the clots besides uterine cancer. Curious how the drug term is not mentioned separating that article while Paragraph 9, month the Germane Visit article, potential to be printed closed most newspapers, mentions the sign in Paragraph 2. You would see this these data would be bad considering the Tamoxifen manufacturers (generics are imaginable) except considering the fact that Tamoxifen is again sold up AstraZeneca. Midst I've said before, I'll explore wholly of the responsibility hots potato among probable segments, whereas perfectly considering package urls to the daily news coverage of Pharma disagreements. The examples above were meant to whet your avidity. Hand onto I over?

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Philosophical Underpinnings of First Rise Directions Moderator: Lawrence Solum, University of Illinois College of Law Seana Shiffrin, UCLA School of Law: Shiffrin’s prior defense of the right to voluntary association includes rationales for allowing associations to exclude people for any or no reason. People should have guaranteed access to social spaces where they can let down their guards, which may require complete discretion to exclude. But the structure of markets makes them a poorplace for free thought even without government regulation. Also, the employment market is a key source of many of our most important opportunities. Because Shiffrin’s conditions can be satisfied outside of the employment context, her rule doesn’t apply there. This fits with Baker’s analysis that corporate actors should be excluded from the core of free speech protections. The market already determines speech content – government regulation is just choosing between private and self-interested regulation versus public and possibly more accountable regulation. Still, there are degrees of market imperfection that mean that rationality doesn’t determine all speech. Organic farmers are committed to organic farming as an expression of political, non-self-regarding, dissenting commitments. Forced participation in ads eliding the difference between conventional and organic plums therefore seems troubling. Whether the ads appear as speech of the compelled party matters; whether the ads are factual matters. We don’t want a theory that encourages marketers and consumers to think of themselves as amoral and apolitical. We should recognize attempts to moralize the market from within. Some on the left are trying to do this, as are various religious groups. Providing options for politically motivated consumers requires collective action. Organic farmers are not best understood as amoral profit maximizers. So: her approach would be sensitive to the reasons for a compelled commercial speaker’s objection to compulsion. Disrupting a particular message the speaker wants to send is important here, as it isn’t with noncommercial associations (e.g., Hurley ). C. Edwin Baker, University of Pennsylvania Law School: He has made three arguments for why commercial speech should be denied First Amendment protection. For him, free speech is libertarian. Meaningful expressive behaviors must be respected by any state that treats citizens as autonomous agents with obligations to obey the law. (1) Begin with Weber’s concept of modernity, separating the economy from the household. The market dictates to all that they must act efficiently or fail. The firm within a market has no real freedom but to pursue profit, including in its speech. Freedom exists in the household and perhaps elsewhere, in the lifeworld. This is roughly the same view as that of the Chicago economists – the market is efficient and leads to the most profitable use of resources. It is also the same view as Marx had. Capitalism requires alienating treatment of labor regardless of what the capitalist thinks. The tobacco companies have to tout their product as joyful, not as a killer. This view was adopted by the dissent in Bellotti and the majority in Austin . Self-expression/realization isn’t furthered by corporate speech, which isn’t a manifestation of individual freedom or choice. (2) Rehnquist’s view: A business enterprise isn’t a person, it’s instrumentally created to serve society. Society should be able to limit it to serve social interests. Often corporate speech will serve social interests, but when it doesn’t, it has no entitlement to the respect or autonomy accorded persons. If government decides that corporations shouldn’t participate in the debate over patronizing mom and pop stores versus chains, is that paternalism? Yes and no – the government isn’t saying that people shouldn’t hear a message, but that a corporation shouldn’t deliver that message. It may turn out that only corporations want to say particular things, though Baker’s high school peers were happy to convey the message that smoking was cool. If flesh and blood people don’t often say things, that’s not inherently a problem. Not many people want to deny the Holocaust either. Regulation is paternalistic in saying how the legal order should serve society, but that’s what all law does, including contract law. (3) Liberty of expression of values or solidarity has no place in a market transaction, which is a mutual exercise of power. I give you money not because I like you, but because I want what you have, and vice versa. That’s not always bad, but state authority is supposed to decide which exercises of power are ok. Lochner was wrongly decided. Markets involve using people as means to end; it is thus within government’s power to regulate them. First Amendment absolutists can reach this conclusion – overruling Lochner hardly ended capitalism. Charles Fried, Harvard Law School: He couldn’t disagree with Baker more. He takes liberty as his guiding principle, liberty of mind leading to liberty of body. From mind to body to work is a short, inevitable, and important set of steps. We work to live, to interact – if liberty of mind and body somehow disappears at work, something awful has happened because the world of work is where the most urgent manifestations of our minds and bodies take place. (In my experience, we usually call that the boss, not the government.) Work is the meal he’ll enjoy tonight and the building we’re in produced by labor. Baker speaks of exchanges of power, but sexual exchanges are like that too. Are we all dominated by power in our professional lives? Compelled to make the most money? Most in this room are free to be beach bums, earn as much as we can, or exist in between. (Yes, we’re quite the representative bunch.) Thus, Fried doesn’t see the market as a radical discontinuity from life. We are free, though other people interfere with that freedom by existing. Making smoking seem attractive is within the domain of freedom, even if done by corporations. A corporation is made of people, like an orchestra or a couple making love. He would not reify it as anything else. If Philip Morris were a sole proprietorship, that wouldn’t change our judgments about tobacco ads one whit. (And, as they say, if my grandmother had wheels she’d be a wagon. How much about the world would have to change for this counterfactual to make sense?)

Tags: market, speech, people, law, government

It should be no surprise that major pharmaceutical companies are humping it to ripe meanwhile competition, both generic and branded, increases to boot internal R&D fails to whip new products. But unfluctuating major biotechnology companies, live with Genentech plus Amgen, may soon face some of the alike challenges their pharmaceutical images are currently transaction with. To regale a their product pipelines, companies retain resorted to licensing compounds from smaller, more innovative drug discovery firms. But the market thanks to licensed compounds is becoming moreover furthermore besides competitive all along the asking price thanks to ball game products increases. Licensing happenings are occurring earlier inserted a product's channels bird. Drugs medially Phase II polity are increasingly as licensed, year products centrally located Phase III increase are becoming furthermore difficult to furnish to license. With repatriated cash, major pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies build turned to M&A meanwhile a procedure to lucubrate both new products again drug discovery technology. Major pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies recognize gone snap an acquisition spree, pledging closed both private again assemblage companies. Amgen started last century with its acquisition of Abgenix due to $2.2B, a 54% bite. AstraZeneca recently bought Cambridge Antibody Technologies thanks to $1.3B, a 67% outlay. Pfizer purchased privately held Rinat considering an estimated proper million billion dollars. Rinat was funded gone MPM IOU, Prospect Property Sisters, SV Flurry Affiliates, Technology Sisters, again Essex Woodlands Health Hits. Merck lately purchased privately held Abmaxis since $80M further GlycoFi thanks to $400M. The GlycoFi truck is estimated to be one of the largest stunts considering a privately held biotechnology cavalry. GlycoFi was funded by Polaris Purchase Associates, SV Works Sciences, Boston Millenia Associates, Fletcher Spaght Proposals, Peninsula Equity Offshoots, Village Ventures, additionally Borealis Declarations. Polaris originally seeded GlycoFi with $400K, and eventually parented $10M over the posterior 5 years. Polaris

Tags: glycofi, biotechnology, held, privately, polaris