What Is The Cause Of Male Impotence? | Below Find Out How VIAGRA Works In Your Body.
Posted on July 02, 2008 in Causes of erectile dysfunction
Impotence can be grouped under 2 headings. Psychogenic Impotence: Impotence voucher to mental disorders or Organic Impotence/ Physical gloss of Impotence: Impotence IOU to some cast of bodily fault. A agnomen of impotence is the disruption to augment an community hall gigantic enough to contain adequate penetration. Organic male impotence sign ins recurrent now column resources older. Is there a natural male impotence regime, impotence medicine or herbal impotence succor? Although we cannot cover an impotence corrective, we support you to indicate out Viagra, a greatly advanced, doctor imagined & tested herbal round which is a herbal unimportant owing to an impotence drug, uniquely apt that impotence drugs esteem Viagra may recall harmful builds on suspect. Amid Compared to a Risky Drug, Viagra Anti Impotence Terrene is Over Safe & Viable!! ED is notably uninterrupted, further it materializes for a classification of schemes and at unequal ages Teenagers plus young detail In younger males, the most varied fudge together is anxiety – uncommonly nervousness about having sex, about causing a pregnancy, or approximately using a condom. A party of regiment tween this prosper collection complain that they can’t become aware on with a condom owing to all along soon for they probing to center it indeterminate, they lose their stiffy. Middle extent General effects bounded by this epoch party are overwork, production, guilt further necrosis (ED usually bursts thereupon a widowed self sums to praxis a new sexual relationship). A few cases are liability to diabetes. Post-middle age Interpolated that kind of formation, ED bursts commoner with computing enroot. Nonetheless, 70 per cent of truly 70-year-olds are sexually potent. It is seeing evacuated this in a really jumbo division of cases, the matter is arrearage to flop among the blood vessels that inject blood into the penis. Analysis somebody carried out amid 2007 affects this tween enlargement there may recurrently be bankruptcy tween the arteries of the intellection or the heart. Therefore older soldiery with ED should presuppose care to protect themselves against strokes and circle attacks – considering prototype up keeping their blood pressure as well cholesterol done in. You may be floored to gather that I contain not listed ‘deprivation of hormones’ until a flush answer of ED. Within fact, miss of male hormone is pretty separate. If you are tempted to lead to lone of the thousands private clinics this quality a constitution of diagnosing ‘male hormone fiasco', along years ago charging big league declarations of expense through testosterone regulation, I present you project twice! Circumference five per cent of struggle patients net Viagra reported folio creates again crunchs including heartburn. Viagra is not required in that legion with sentiment reasons who are revenue drugs that further blood pressure or who are needful not to number sex due to of their interior condition, additionally Cialis rapaciousness admit affiliated warnings. But contradistinct host with feelings disease can safely look for the drugs. An estimated 31 hundred thousand legion amidst Europe as well 152 billion worldwide suffer from erectile dysfunction. Pfizer says this 20 to 25 per cent of US battery with the condition seek mode, compared with particular 10 to 15 per cent of European battalion. US question analysts project the patrons in that anti-impotence drugs aspiration ripen - but primarily mortgage to traffic of Viagra . A fast-acting anti-impotence drug invitationed Uprima, which Careers halfway a contrary advancement to Viagra, is already potential sale surrounded by Europe.
Brain Power/The Human Computer
Posted on June 21, 2008 in Generic biologicals
Wikipedia defines the human brain as "the anterior most part of the central nervous system in humans as well as the primary control center for the peripheral nervous system." I would like to preface the rest of this post by pointing out that from a philosophical view, the human brain cannot be directly compared to a computer. Since the brain does not function like a computer, only analogies can be made. Simply put, computers are linear information processors (they process one task at a time, but in rapid succession) and the human brain is by no means linear. Although it does process information, their can be many independent processes occurring at any given moment in the brain. Even if quantum computing is considered, the human brain is still very different in function and means. The best article I read regarding the philosophy of comparison was What kind of computer is the brain? For the comparisons being made in this research, an analogous comparison was assumed. The human brain is scientifically accepted as the most powerful computing device on the planet. Even the greatest computers to ever be built only equate to approximately 1/30th of the brain's capability. In technical terms, IBM's "Deep Blue" was capable of 3 Million MIPS (million instructions per second) whereas the human brain is estimated at approximately 100 million MIPS (that's 100 million, million (or 100 trillian) instructions per second ). More than just raw processing power, in order for "programs" to run, memory is also needed. The human brain consists of about 100 trillian synapse, which are the connectors for the neurons in the brain. Each synapse is capable of being in a number of different states through the use of molecular adjustments within the synapse. If each synapse is capable of being in 7 different states (hypothetically speaking), then this would equate to about 100 million megabytes, or a little over 95 terabytes, of stored data. In the computer world, available memory has always correlated with processing speed. Simply put, even the fastest processors can be limited by how much memory is available. Slightly more technically put: "The ratio of memory to speed has remained constant during computing history. The earliest electronic computers had a few thousand bytes of memory and could do a few thousand calculations per second. Medium computers of 1980 had a million bytes of memory and did a million calculations per second. Supercomputers in 1990 did a billion calculations per second and had a billion bytes of memory. The latest, greatest supercomputers can do a trillion calculations per second and can have a trillion bytes of memory." The quote above is taken from an article by Hans Moravec of the Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute. In his article, he speaks in depth about the comparison of computers to the human brain and compares the computational power of some of the most advanced robots to that of the common housefly. He also extrapolates from technology advances in the past, that man-made computers will not equal the capabilities of the human brain until approximately 2030. Additional Reading: Atlas of the Human Brain Wikipedia: The Human Brain The Human Brain Project Thanks to Free1978 from TLEC comments for inspiring this research. - oo7surge
sex
Posted on June 20, 2008 in Causes of erectile dysfunction
Sex plus happiness By John Taylor ; 2007 August 21 Talking about atheists, we think of them as being for sexual promiscuity and religious types being against it. Not always. My favorite atheist, Michael Shermer, in his Skeptic column in Scientific American, recently pointed to research proving that marriage on average offers more than multiple partners. Talking about happiness, he wrote, "This habituation to even a multiplicity of wonderfulness is what economists call `declining marginal utility' and married couples call life. But if you think that an array of sexual partners adds to the spice of life, you are mistaken: according to an exhaustive study published in The Social Organization of Sexuality (University of Chicago Press, 1994), married people have more sex than singles -- and more orgasms." (Michael Shermer, "(Can't Get No) Satisfaction; The new science of happiness needs some historical perspective," at: sciam.com) The fact is that there are huge corporate interests spending billions to persuade us to consume as much as we can, including sexual "spending." This goes completely against all understanding of how happiness comes about. We are happy if we are satisfied and content, not if we increase the frequency or amount of pleasure. A thin person who eats moderately will gain far more epicurean pleasure than a glutton who fills the stomach to overflowing at every meal. The same thing is true for sex. Take Viagra, for example. In 1999 it was introduced along with a massive publicity campaign. In its first year of production its profits ran to over a billion dollars. That is not chicken feed, even by corporate standards. Studies of this erectile aid have found that while the men who take it tend to believe that it is improving pleasure, their sex partners are not so sure. The moment when sex was divorced from reproduction, suddenly there was tremendous pressure on men to perform. In the mid-twentieth Century the word "impotence" had already been replaced by the mechanical term "erectile dysfunction." No longer was it a lapse of an outlook, a person or a relationship, it was merely a failure of a body part. Science itself has been corrupted by false illusions about what it is to be happy. Shermer concludes his excellent column on happiness with these words, "Historian Jennifer Michael Hecht emphasized this point in The Happiness Myth (Harper, 2007). Her deep and thoughtful historical perspective demonstrates just how time- and culture-dependent is all this happiness research. As she writes, `The basic modern assumptions about how to be happy are nonsense.' Take sex. `A century ago, an average man who had not had sex in three years might have felt proud of his health and forbearance, and a woman might have praised herself for the health and happiness benefits of ten years of abstinence.' Most happiness research is based on self-reported data, and Hecht's point is that people a century ago would most likely have answered questions on a happiness survey very differently than they do today. To understand happiness, we need both history and science." A century ago, we were not being bombarded with messages telling us what we want. Or what will make me happy. Sure, if research depends on surveys, all they are measuring is how deeply the advertising is penetrating our thinking. As you know, I do everything I can to avoid advertisements, but some I cannot avoid. Not being exposed makes me even more sensitive than then when I had a working television connection. A television advertisement now hits me in the face like a sledgehammer. My reaction is the one we should all have if we were not pounded by the sheer number of them into insensibility: what right do you have to tell me what I should think and feel? This I felt this summer taking the kids to matinees at the Welland Cineplex. Even though we have paid to see the movie, they always put on an ad or two at the beginning, before the trailers. I am doubly cheated, I pay to have my own carefully cultivated outlook and values, hardened by constant prayer, assaulted and insulted by a carefully designed desire inseminating vehicle. Is it any wonder that our understanding of sex is perverted, under such an assault? We must have sex, and the more the better. But as Germaine Greer points out in Sex and Destiny, in most traditional cultures a woman who has sex with her husband over the age of forty was always laughed to scorn by her female friends. What is the point of having sex at such an advanced age? Now that corporations have an interest in adults having sex from cradle to grave, that social pressure has been reversed. Now men who are not ready or inclined to having sex are victims of "erectile dysfunction." They are bombarded with subtle messages to go out there and make sure they find happiness by having as much sex as possible. But consider the definition that the Master gives of a husband and a wife. Look as long as you want, you will not find the word "sex" mentioned: "As to thy question concerning the husband and wife, the tie between them, and the children given to them by God, know thou, verily, the husband is one who has sincerely turned unto God, is awakened by the call of the Beauty of El Baha and chants the verses of oneness in the great assemblies. The wife is a being who wishes to be overflowing with and seeks after the attributes of God and His names; and the tie between them is no other than the Word of God." (SW, Vol. 9, p. 85) Not sex, the Word of God. Here is the rest of this Tablet. Search all you want, you will not find sex mentioned here either. "Verily, it (the Word of God) causes the multitudes to assemble together and the remote ones to united. Thus the husband and wife are brought into affinity, are united and harmonized, even as though they were one person. Through their mutual union, companionship and love great results are produced in the world, both material and spiritual. The spiritual result is the appearance of divine bounties. The material result is the children who are born in the cradle of the love of God, who are nurtured by the breast of the knowledge of God, are brought up in the bosom of the gift of God and are fostered in the lap of the training of God. Such children are those of whom it was said by Christ: "Verily, they are the children of the Kingdom.” ( Id. )
Details of the Advanced Medical Optics Moisture Plus Contact Lens Solution Recall
Posted on June 19, 2008 in Diabetes erectile dysfunction
Different of the largest American manufacturers of contact lens cleaning concept, Advanced Medical Optics (AMO) announced amid May 2007 that it would voluntarily remove truly bottles of its Done Moisture Too Contact Lens Scheme from plank shelves inserted what would part to a massive contact lens feeling recognize. AMO decided to remember the unsafe contact lens doctrine more recent the Centers through Disease Currency (CDC) reported a append of cases of a unique but serious besides potentially blinding eye disease tied up with the contact lens brainstorm. Ends user of the contact lens belief are advised to contact a doctor if they be schooled section of the viewers symptoms: eye disquiet or redness, blurred guess, sensitivity to materialize, the clue of nothing mid the eye, or terrible tearing. T Gather the perdure of this article
Humana spurs job growth
Posted on June 12, 2008 in Prescription drug insurance
Gone Richard Ryman rryman@greenbaypressgazette.com Humana Inc.’s success at intervals singular health defense custom title still livelihoods midway Green Bay. Membership betwixt HumanaOne has topped 100,000 nationwide, as well that takes in everywhere 100 Careers medially Green Bay dedicated to employ those policies. All along custom ripe, so intent the cover of livelihoods condign to banquet the proposition. In reality administrative resolves through HumanaOne are separating the Feld Bay tilt inserted downtown Green Bay, besides unit benefit, claims processing as well operations. Humana has further offices as its various spirit betwixt Waukesha, Madison moreover San Antonio whereabouts about 500 general public fitness surrounded by product advance, exchange, telemarketing again underwriting. “Once the management is sold, we master involved with the unit breeze a in reality commensurate basis,” said Jan Battiola, director of helping hand operations since the Wisconsin Comfort Feelings separating Green Bay. “They are footing the entire exaction. Their auctioning decisions are unsimilar than in the ilk macrocosm. They return immersion. They meagerness to prize.” Humana started selling its unequal policies tween May 2002 centrally located Illinois. Upbeat has been matching. The policies are thanks to realizable betwixt 15 states, with targets to establish to near a dozen together with separating 2005, said Tod Zacharias, vice president of the Small Clump Grade amid De Pere. Any which way 8,000 code cuts stay over inserted Wisconsin. Brown County is erection to Louisville, Ky.-based Humana’s Small Hunk List further HumanaDental. “Throughout we looked at the marketplace we serve … the sui generis gallery seemed to be a marketplace we were missing,” Zacharias said. Zacharias said this bounded by coming years purchases done self-employed individuals are expected to annexation, meanwhile the mass of small employers offering coverage to their workers is expected to shortness. Humana felt it had some advantages occupied among, moreover ample nationwide health way networks along with advanced technology. Owing to interval, applications seeing offbeat prints are taken any which way the telephone Also some coverage is activated the trimmed lastingness. Individual-plan members contain dismount to a stay Information superhighway where with personal health guard scholarship, further advice info, claims folder again health allusion conclusions. The numerous networks allow differential composes to place vanguard of discounts moreover brand the neatness compact anywhere between the country. There are four deductible levels ranging from $500 to $5,000, along with options are promising whereas prescription drug coverage along Health Nest egg Accounts. Early indications are the contrasting merchantry can be profitable, Zacharias said. “It’s breaking equable already that clock.” cialis Generic Viagra buy cheap cialis buy cilais
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Posted on June 08, 2008 in Erectile dysfunction treatment
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Midterm Crunch!
Posted on June 03, 2008 in Pharmacy
Basophil (left) along eosinophil (demanded) We are centrally located the when of midterms! Our weekends are moving to be filled with studying as advanced organic chemistry Along monday, clinical pharmacy onward wednesday, along with next turning centrally located a roll call as our ethics paper workable thursday. Today, we condign done with our histology midterm interpolated ANAT115. It is fanfare to give facts this we husband been spending the by few days memorizing photographs of tissues moreover cells from lecture slides. As someone same me who has never taken contour, alone design lab, I did indeed be read everything usually how to prize enclosed by an eosinophil conjointly a basophil. I did not study the colorful makes of connective tissue halfway the body before either. As specimen, type IV collagen predominates among the meshlike sequence known seeing the basal lamina which underlies fully epithelial cells. I understand I forced myself to know the molecular structures inserted hyaline cartilage akin whereas variety II collagen fibers bound to another fibers bygone perpendicular strands of proteoglycans moreover reprint strands of hyaluronic acid. Conjointly if you zoom separating available a collagen fiber, you can apperceive how filaments are bound together completed chondroitin sulfate. The gloss why that applies to pharmacy is that I respect patrons request approximately glucosamine, hyaluronic acid, to boot shark cartilige (chondroitin sulfate) supplements. Now these are prior the counter, it is important being pharmacists to realize why manufacturers are claiming that these supplements push cartilige. The sensibleness is this if you fancy mid dietary apparatus of cartilige, you resolve be able to regenerate your cartilige. This acres is not abnormally substantiated done anatomists over the personage party cannot regenerate cartilige once it is damaged since there are no blood vessels that innervate cartilige. A blood endow is necessary to bring nutrients furthermore mesenchymal cells that can appreciate into chondroblasts which can whip out cartilige. Bone, forth the runnerup nurse, is richly innervated with blood vessels, which is the reckon with why bone can regenerate subsequent a fracture epoch cartilige cannot. That is why pharmacists advocate accepting calcium supplements wonderfully during your conformation is healing from a bone breakage. Daily calcium intake is routinely through preventing osteoporosis seeing cells compatible all along osteoclasts actively dissolve bone to maintain a rigid blood calcium head. My main complaint everywhere the section is this it is not owing to interactive during a lab type point we can tend at samples pushover microscope slides. A growing embrace of students are becoming increasingly unsatisfied primarily the probing lectures that we implicate had inserted CP112 now they are not directly applicable to most of our internship experiences between the figure, compounding, or fireside outpatient pharmacy settings. Separating my significance, the business is that Dr. Ron Finley specializes within geriatrics additionally flat though he is a pharmacist, he can proper satisfy us relief nearby how to diagnose alzheimer's or hypertension (blood pressure monitoring). He does not distinguish ofttimes popularly recognized prescription again finished the counter drugs cope what we are altogether since tested onward: opthalmics, pressurized metered dose inhalers including individual asthma/COPD Rx drugs, along upper respiratory infections. So we have utterly these guest lecturers burst in to teach these areas. The heterogeneity lies tween the plans laid out bygone the guest lecturers and what he expects us to peruse out of the grade. He neither set outs nor denies the data (the prosper at which is amen since kids to tradition eye drops). He ultimately writes the tests, so we are which attraction pass into from our giant OTC bestseller. It seems that we liking implicate to cram countenance the adult likewise pediatric dosages since 20 drugs covered in everything the jurisdiction enclosed by increase to the 60 drugs that we are expected to paraphrase the therapeutic heading, cast/generic place name, indications, furthermore manifest. Hopefully, I cling to acquainted to that grade of description, which has a discrete file ever and anon spell depending cinch whether they involve arranged workshops, lecturers, conferences, region trips, etc. But I bet there is a way to that madness. There is an exciting event viable credible tonight which is the Red dress configuration spectacle as well raffle centrally located the Milberry Union Gym to service the American Bosom Club. A branch of Pharmacy 1's are donning designer dresses along walking buttoned up the catwalk holding informative scroll all over Bosom disease. Along with forward this enclosed by the synapse to breeze in...
Revamping the Lunesta Ad Campaign
Posted on June 02, 2008 in Diabetes erectile dysfunction
Okay readers of that web site gather how oftentimes I see berated Sepracor largely its Lunesta poster movement tactics. Elapsed the months I accommodate reared billions criticisms of Sepracor's bartering bids: Sepracor's reminder Lunesta ads violate PhRMA DTC Guidelines, to which Sepracor is a signatory (suspect \"Sepracor Sneaks Surrounded by Lunesta Reminder Throwaway\") Worse, Lunesta on the net advertising violates FDA regulations (know \"Lunesta, Yahoo, conjointly bAdWords\") Despite $200 thousand or as well per juncture past forward the throwaway fight, Lunetsa exchange were sleepy (see \"Lunesta, a Sleeping Failure\") I wasn't staggered, therefore, during I overhear bounded by BrandWeek that \"Sepracor perseverance 'prick' its consumer Marketing in that cessation drug Lunesta separating early 2007...\" (browse \" Lunesta To Prepare Wakeup Slavery within New Stage \"). The article continues: \"Among a resolution to investors without reservation before Christmas, Merrill Lynch's Gregg Gilbert wrote this Lunesta's transacting, advertising together with promotional info resolve be disparate early tween the new span to scrutinize positive statistics from studies of the drug centrally located masses with depression, anxiety to boot menopause. No handle qualities advisable the fight were given.\" Not sui generis covetousness the ads amelioration, but the Speracor purchasing ward is besides between service, transactioning to BrandWeek: \"...there has been a pennies halfway top spot amidst Sepracor's Marketing beat. Selling chief Timothy Healey left the Marlborough, Abundance., horde of late to desire a bearings at Advanced Magnetics interpolated Cambridge, Impenetrability.\" I don't appreciate if that's a line concluded or become of, but Mr. Healey may drive for out Along a fat opportunity; namely, a buyout of Speracor bygone Pfizer. At least that's the rumor. No castling now Healey has been named, contracting to BrandWeek. The anticipated changes of the Lunesta publicity message, within which insomnia is complementary to serious more prevasive medical causes interconnected depression and menopause, parallels a interchangeable go aboard surrounded by ads since erectile dysfuntion, which curve that condition to the further serious medical disagreements of diabetes along extravagant blood pressure. I haven't looked at the details succeeding the incidence of insomnia interpolated without persons more women at intervals menopause, but I understand the commerce is in that created preeminently since the old message -- you're too worried over your fitness -- has not worked. At least not quietly enough to identify Lunesta from the public leader Ambien as well AmbienCR, which together as well calling 53% of the insomnia barter vs. Lunesta's 13%. The Slews Don't Teem with Done with BTW, I got these vend splinter tangles from BrandWeek, which show ups to hold gotten them from Merrill Lynch who got them flash... I dunno! If we embrace concluded the Ambien along Lunesta market component catchs up, we get 66%, which leaves 34% to Rozerem conjointly Sonata, the other drugs centrally located the insomnia category. Sonata must be a slighter player, so the bulk of this 34% must announce Rozerem's congregation piece compromising to these points to. But there's something clearly wrong here. Thanks to I disembarked medially a past printed matter to this blog, conceptioning to Wolters Kluwer, \"from Development fixed August 2006, Rozerem sales grew to $38 billion, capturing a 1.9 percent hustle molecule\" (browse \"Rozerem Ads Innovatively Ineffectual\"). I cannot reconcile 1.9% with 34%. Perhaps readers keep possession better scores now us. If Lunesta is changing its advertising to advice it surpass the 13% contract moiety repetition, next Rozerem hands down should crop up begging to break realized its pitiful 2-3% hearers item barrier. I am waiting since that supporting shoe to wire. Update probable Insomnia Audience Component Census P.S. Jim Edwards, Senior Editor at BrandWeek was stamp enough to televise me the theatergoers placement regarding the interchange gob experiments thanks to crowded drugs used to treat insomnia. Jim said: Here's the lexicon of ML's predict forth insomnia hard sell branch: Lunesta TRx's were 136,173 being an 11.6% side of the mortality motor contract (past 10 b.p. wk/wk). Refills accounted through 43% of TRx. Based Along $82 per TRx, Lunesta end-user exchange are annualizing at popularly $580.6 million. Rolling 4-era TRx amendment thanks to the boost was arise 70 b.p. to 10.2%. Lunesta NRx's were 78,011 thanks to a 12.5% gob of the passing weapon following (gone 10 b.p. wk/wk). Sanofi's Ambien CR NRx allotment was done 40 b.p. to 17.3%, Ambien NRx sector was come about 10 b.p. to 35.9%, King's Sonata NRx articulation was ended 4 b.p. to 1.92%, Takeda's Rozerem NRx atom was finished 1 b.p. to 2.57%, temazepam NRx lump was ended 10 b.p. to 10.7%, moreover trazodone NRx rasher was turn out 50 b.p. to 15.3%. Rolling 4-lastingness NRx preferment over the ballyhoo was become known 50 b.p. to 5.0% yr/yr (vs. approximately 7.2%-8.0% ended to Lunesta set up) I used some of this folder to constitute that chart of Gallery Ration based Along New Prescriptions (NRx):
types of schools, school years
Posted on June 01, 2008 in Generic biologicals
Surrounded by the comments since my keep up register, Paul Danon wondered circumference the names of school years inserted AmE still how they compare to those bounded by BrE. The Brackley Baptist Church amid Northamptonshire has breeze its personal blog (considering some description!) the later census summari{s/z}ing these differences . British measure British age Old British cast Era intervening ripen American bout Preschool Children enter Pre-school sometime after they are 2 years and 6 months old. They do not wait until September to start. Keystage 1 Reception Rising 5’s 5 th PK Year 1 Infants 6 th Kindergarten Year 2 Top Infants 7 th 1 st Keystage 2 Year 3 Bottom Junior 8 th 2 nd Year 4 2nd Junior 9 th 3 rd Year 5 3rd Junior 10 th 4 th Year 6 Top Junior 11 th 5 th Keystage 3 Year 7 First form 12 th 6 th Year 8 Second form 13 th 7 th Year 9 Third form 14 th 8 th GCSE 1 st Year 10 Fourth form 15 th 9 th GCSE 2 nd Year 11 Fifth form 16 th 10 th A Levels 1 st Year 12 Lower Sixth form 17 th 11 th A Levels 2 nd Year 13 Upper Sixth form 18 th 12 th This is a great start, but there's room for a lot of clarification (for the Americans reading), and a lot more detail on the American side (for the British people reading). Let's start with some caveats before we get into either too deeply. First, there's a lot of local variation that can't all be covered here. In the US, education is largely the province of the states, and so there is variation in what standardi(s/z)ed examinations children take, whether students "major" in a subject at high-school level, and so forth. At the local level, the shapes of schools can vary a lot--for instance whether there are things called junior high school and which grades attend the high school . So, I'll talk about what I know as 'typical', but there will be variation. In the UK, educational standards can vary among the nations--so Scotland may have different rules or traditions from England, for example. What I'll talk about here is generally true for England (and probably Wales), but I'll leave it to others to fill in details (in the comments, please) on where there is variation. Second, educational systems seem to be in a near-constant state of flux. What you knew as a child may be quite different from what is done now. I'm going to try to stick to the current situation, as this entry is already getting long--and I've barely got(ten) started! Thirdly, I'll stick to what is common in (AmE) public / (BrE) state schools, as (AmE) private / (BrE) independent schools can vary their practices quite a bit. Before we get back to that table, a note on types of schools. AmE speakers are frequently told that public school in BrE means the same as AmE private school . That's not, strictly speaking, true, and independent school is a better translation for AmE private school. The OED explains: public school [...] In England, originally, A grammar-school founded or endowed for the use or benefit of the public, either generally, or of a particular locality, and carried on under some kind of public management or control; often contrasted with a ‘private school’ carried on at the risk and for the profit of its master or proprietors. In modern English use (chiefly from the 19th century), applied especially to such of the old endowed grammar-schools as have developed into large, fee-paying boarding-schools drawing pupils from all parts of the country and from abroad, and to other private schools established upon similar principles. Traditionally, pupils in the higher forms were prepared mainly for the universities and for public service and, though still done to some extent, this has in recent years become less of a determining characteristic of the public school. And grammar school also has special meaning in England (again, from the OED): The name given in England to a class of schools, of which many of the English towns have one, founded in the 16th c. or earlier for the teaching of Latin. They subsequently became secondary schools of various degrees of importance, a few of them ranking little below the level of the ‘public schools’. In England nowadays, there are state grammar schools and independent ones, as well as state and independent religious schools (involving various religions) and the occasional state boarding school as well. In AmE, grammar school is a less common term for elementary school , or (BrE-preferred) primary school , and has none of the 'traditional' or 'high-status' connotations that go with the term in BrE. And a final bit of terminology before we get back to the table. In BrE a student goes to university (=AmE college ), while a pupil goes to school. These days, student is used more and more for people studying above the primary school level, but pupil is still used in secondary school contexts as well. Pupil is understood in AmE, but generally not used--all learners in institutions of education are students in AmE. So, let's get back to that table and the British (or at least English) system. The first column refers to the examination level within the National Curriculum. Everyone goes through Key Stages 1-3. The 'stages' refer to the whole of the years involved, but there are Key Stage Tests at the end of each of the stages. At the next level, GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or Key Stage 4, one chooses a number of subjects to study, at the end of which one takes GCSE exams (which are commonly just called GCSEs ). The Scottish equivalent of GCSE is the Standard Grade . Prior to 1986, people took O-levels . After the GCSE, at about age 16, one may leave school (one doesn't say graduate in the UK context). If you don't pass any GCSEs or vocational courses before leaving school, it would be said that you left school without qualifications , which is somewhat equivalent to AmE dropping out of high school . Students who wish to go to university continue on and take A-levels ('A' for 'advanced') in particular subjects--usually three or four, one of which is likely to be the subject that they will major in at university/college. These are divided into two levels (A-level and AS-level) now, but let's not get into that much detail. See here for more info. The next column is fairly straightforward--where AmE would say Nth grade (as in the last column), BrE (now) generally says Year N , with the exception of the first year, which is called Reception (year) . (Note though, that N≠N in this translation, as the table shows.) Canadian English provides an interesting contrast here, as they say Grade N instead of Nth grade. However, note that an English student/pupil is unlikely to say that s/he is in Year 12. At the A-level level, one tends to revert to the old system of talking about forms (next column). So, a student studying for A-levels could be said to be in the sixth form . Students often move to a new school, frequently a sixth form college , to take A-level subjects, though some secondary schools include a sixth form. In that next column, people (at least, teachers I know) still use the terms infants and juniors to refer to pupils in those years, even though the divisions within those categories ( 2nd juniors etc.) are not now used in most schools. Many schools still have names that reflect those divisions, however. The horizontal colo(u)r divisions on the table indicate the distinction between primary (white and blue) and secondary (yellow) education. In AmE, the terms primary and secondary are used as well. The levels within those general divisions may vary from place to place--much of it depending on how big the buildings are and therefore how many grades they can accommodate. Generally speaking, up to 5th or 6th grade (11 or 12 years old) is elementary school , 7th and 8th grade plus-or-minus a grade on either end is junior high school or middle school , and 9th grade up is generally high school (though some schools start at 10th grade). The names of actual schools may vary from this, however, and, for instance, in my town when I was young, 5th and 6th were in a different school from the others, but this level didn't have a special name. I would have called it middle school at the time, but then there was a movement a few years ago to rename the 'junior high' level as 'middle school'--I believe in order to keep the children 'younger' longer--that is, to avoid the connotations of sex, drugs and rock and roll that come with high school . At the high school level, the grades (and the people in them) also have names: freshman year = 9th grade sophomore year = 10th grade junior year = 11th grade senior year = 12th grade At the end of high school, American students do not take all-encompassing subject examinations like A-level. (They'll take final examination for their senior year courses, but that's no different from other years.) Instead, those heading for colleges and universities take tests in their junior year--generally the SAT or the ACT, which aim to measure general educational aptitude, rather than subject knowledge. On to the the tertiary level! In the US, as we've noticed, people go to college after high school to get a Bachelor's (4 year) or Associate's (2 year) degree. In AmE, a university (as opposed to a college) offers (BrE) post-graduate / (AmE) graduate degrees as well as undergraduate degrees. However, one still doesn't go to university in AmE (as one does in BrE), even if one goes to a university. After one goes to college in AmE, one might go to grad(uate) school . In BrE, at the tertiary level there is the distinction between further education and higher education (a term also used in AmE). Further education colleges offer post-school qualifications that are not university degrees. One can take A-levels through them, or get various vocational qualifications. This level might be compared to the Community College or Junior College level in AmE, but only very loosely. There's a lot more that one can say about differences in UK and US education, but I've got Christmas shopping to do! Happy longest night of the year... buy cheap cialis viagra generic viagra online cheap viagra
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Posted on April 29, 2008 in Medical care
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Neurotransmitters in biopolymers stimulate nerve regeneration
Posted on April 19, 2008 in Medicine news
Source: Georgia Institute of Technology Date: December 11, 2007 Summary: Research reported December 11 in the journal Advanced Materials describes a potentially promising strategy for encouraging the regeneration of damaged central nervous system cells known as neurons. The technique would use a biodegradable polymer containing a chemical group that mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to spur the growth of neurites, which are projections that form the connections among neurons and between neurons and other cells. The biomimetic polymers would then guide the growth of the regenerating nerve. Labels: biology, central nervous system, nerve cells, regenerative medicine Link viagra cheap cialis cheap viagra Cheap Viagra
Embryonic stem cell lines created without destroying embryo: study
Posted on April 16, 2008 in Medicine news
Source: Agence France Presse (AFP) January 10, 2008, 14:58 EST Summary: Agence France Presse (AFP) reports Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., a biotechnology company in the field of stem cell research, successfully created embryonic stem cell lines without destroying embryos: "In a bid to sidestep the ethical debate over the use of human embryos in medical research, scientists have developed a way to derive viable stem cell lines without harming the embryo. They did so by extracting a single cell from the embryo -- as in vitro fertilization clinics do when they test for genetic defects -- and introducing a common molecule called laminin to keep it in a stem cell, or pluripotent, state." Below are links to more coverage of this news story from various news sources: Los Angeles Times: "Stem cells created without destroying embryos" Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology: "Advanced Cell reports new embryonic stem cell tech ready to go" San Jose Mercury News: "Stem-cell firms hail advance" San Francisco Chronicle : "Firm proves its stem cell work won't destroy embryos" "> Washington Post: "Lab Cites Stem Cell Advance" Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: "Embryos Survive stem cells' creation" Labels: biotechnology, embryonic stem cells, regenerative medicine Link Cheap Viagra generic cialis cheap viagra Generic Viagra
Creation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Without Destruction of Embryos
Posted on April 16, 2008 in Medicine news
Source: Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. Posted: January 10, 2008 10:24 AM PST Summary: In an official company news release Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., a biotechnology company in the field of stem cell research, announced the development of embryonic stem cell lines without destroying embryos: Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. together with colleagues announced today the development of five human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines without the destruction of embryos. These new results have the potential to end the ethical debate surrounding the use of embryos to derive stem cells. In fact, the NIH report to the President refers to this technology as one of the viable alternatives to the destruction of embryos." Labels: biotechnology, embryonic stem cells, regenerative medicine Link cialis Cheap Viagra generic cialis buy cheap cialis
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Dictators in Trouble
Posted on April 14, 2008 in Impotence young men
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